Lazar Sandra, Potre Ovidiu, Ionita Ioana, Reurean-Pintilei Delia-Viola, Timar Romulus, Herascu Andreea, Avram Vlad Florian, Timar Bogdan
First Department of Internal Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
Department of Hematology, Emergency Municipal Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Mar 16;15(3):190. doi: 10.3390/bios15030190.
The Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) is a biomarker of glycemic control which estimates hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) based on the average glycemia recorded by continuous glucose monitoring sensors (CGMS). The GMI provides an immediate overview of the patient's glycemic control, but it might be biased by the patient's sensor wear adherence or by the sensor's reading errors. This study aims to evaluate the GMI's performance in the assessment of glycemic control and to identify the factors leading to erroneous estimates. In this study, 147 patients with type 1 diabetes, users of CGMS, were enrolled. Their GMI was extracted from the sensor's report and HbA1c measured at certified laboratories. The median GMI value overestimated the HbA1c by 0.1 percentage points ( = 0.007). The measurements had good reliability, demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha index of 0.74, an inter-item correlation coefficient of 0.683 and an inter-item covariance between HbA1c and GMI of 0.813. The HbA1c and the difference between GMI and HbA1c were reversely associated (Spearman's r = -0.707; < 0.001). The GMI is a reliable tool in evaluating glycemic control in patients with diabetes. It tends to underestimate the HbA1c in patients with high HbA1c values, while it tends to overestimate the HbA1c in patients with low HbA1c.
血糖管理指标（GMI）是一种血糖控制的生物标志物，它基于连续血糖监测传感器（CGMS）记录的平均血糖水平来估算糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。GMI能即时提供患者血糖控制的总体情况，但可能会受到患者传感器佩戴依从性或传感器读数误差的影响而产生偏差。本研究旨在评估GMI在评估血糖控制方面的性能，并确定导致估计错误的因素。在本研究中，招募了147名使用CGMS的1型糖尿病患者。从传感器报告中提取他们的GMI，并在经认证的实验室测量HbA1c。GMI的中位数高估了HbA1c 0.1个百分点（ = 0.007）。测量具有良好的可靠性，Cronbach's alpha指数为0.74、项间相关系数为0.683以及HbA1c与GMI之间的项间协方差为0.813均证明了这一点。HbA1c与GMI和HbA1c之间的差值呈负相关（Spearman's r = -0.707； < 0.001）。GMI是评估糖尿病患者血糖控制的可靠工具。它往往会低估高HbA1c值患者的HbA1c，而倾向于高估低HbA1c值患者的HbA1c。
