Salvo Andrea, Tuttolomondo Antonino
Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Policlinico, P. Giaccone, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
ProMISE Department, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
Metabolites. 2025 Mar 11;15(3):190. doi: 10.3390/metabo15030190.
Olive oil, the primary fat source in the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), especially oleic acid, which constitutes 70-80% of its composition. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), produced by mechanically pressing olives, is the highest quality olive oil, with an intense flavor and acidity <1%. In contrast, refined olive oil (ROO), a blend of virgin and refined oils, contains fewer antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. EVOO's health benefits stem largely from its MUFA content, which is linked to reduced risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), neurodegenerative conditions, and certain cancers. Additionally, EVOO contains minor, but bioactive, components such as polyphenols, tocopherols, and phytosterols, contributing to its oxidative stability, sensory qualities, and health-promoting properties. These include polyphenols, like oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between olive oil intake and CVD, with EVOO-enriched MedDiet interventions showing improved lipid profiles, reduced blood pressure, and lower cardiovascular event risk. The PREDIMED study highlights the significant role of EVOO in reducing cardiometabolic risk. This review explores the impact of EVOO's chemical components within the MedDiet framework on metabolic variables influencing cardiometabolic health.
橄榄油是地中海饮食（MedDiet）中的主要脂肪来源，富含单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA），尤其是油酸，其占橄榄油成分的70 - 80%。特级初榨橄榄油（EVOO）通过机械压榨橄榄制成，是品质最高的橄榄油，具有浓郁的风味，酸度<1%。相比之下，精炼橄榄油（ROO）是初榨油和精炼油的混合物，含有较少的抗氧化剂和抗炎化合物。EVOO的健康益处主要源于其MUFA含量，这与降低心血管疾病（CVD）、神经退行性疾病和某些癌症的风险有关。此外，EVOO还含有少量但具有生物活性的成分，如多酚、生育酚和植物甾醇，这些成分有助于其氧化稳定性、感官品质和促进健康的特性。这些成分包括多酚，如橄榄苦苷、羟基酪醇和酪醇，它们具有抗炎、心脏保护、神经保护和抗癌作用。流行病学研究表明，橄榄油摄入量与CVD之间存在负相关关系，富含EVOO的MedDiet干预措施显示出改善血脂谱、降低血压和降低心血管事件风险的效果。PREDIMED研究强调了EVOO在降低心脏代谢风险方面的重要作用。本综述探讨了在MedDiet框架内，EVOO的化学成分对影响心脏代谢健康的代谢变量的影响。
