PHYTOLAB (Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Food Supplement, Technology and Analysis)-DiSIA, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
UOC of Internal Medicine-Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
Nutrients. 2019 Aug 1;11(8):1776. doi: 10.3390/nu11081776.
L. fruit is a peculiar vegetal matrix containing high levels of fatty acids (98-99% of the total weight of extra-virgin olive oil, EVOO) and low quantities (1-2%) of phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols, and squalene. Among these minor components, phenolics are relevant molecules for human health. This review is focused on their beneficial activity, in particular of hydroxytyrosol (HT), oleuropein (OLE), oleocanthal (OLC), and lignans found in EVOO, olive oil by-products and leaves. Specifically, the cardioprotective properties of the Mediterranean diet (MD) related to olive oil consumption, and the biological activities of polyphenols recovered from olive oil by-products and leaves were described. Recent European projects such as EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) and EPICOR (long-term follow-up of antithrombotic management patterns in acute coronary syndrome patients) have demonstrated the functional and preventive activities of EVOO showing the relation both between cancer and nutrition and between consumption of EVOO, vegetables, and fruit and the incidence of coronary heart disease. The data reported in this review demonstrate that EVOO, one of the pillars of the MD, is the main product of L. fruits; leaves and by-products are secondary but precious products from which bioactive compounds can be recovered by green technologies and reused for food, agronomic, nutraceutical, and biomedical applications according to the circular economy strategy.
油橄榄果实是一种特殊的植物基质，含有高水平的脂肪酸（特级初榨橄榄油 EVOO 总重量的 98-99%）和低含量的酚类物质、植物甾醇、生育酚和角鲨烯。在这些少量成分中，酚类物质对人类健康具有重要意义。本综述重点介绍了它们的有益活性，特别是存在于 EVOO、橄榄油副产物和叶子中的羟基酪醇（HT）、橄榄苦苷（OLE）、橄榄苦素（OLC）和木脂素。具体来说，描述了与橄榄油消费相关的地中海饮食（MD）的心脏保护特性，以及从橄榄油副产物和叶子中回收的多酚的生物活性。最近的欧洲项目，如 EPIC（欧洲癌症前瞻性调查与营养）和 EPICOR（急性冠状动脉综合征患者抗血栓治疗模式的长期随访），已经证明了 EVOO 的功能和预防作用，表明了癌症与营养之间以及 EVOO、蔬菜和水果的消费与冠心病发病率之间的关系。本综述中报告的数据表明，特级初榨橄榄油是 MD 的支柱之一，是油橄榄果实的主要产品；叶子和副产物是次要的，但却是宝贵的产品，可以通过绿色技术从中回收生物活性化合物，并根据循环经济战略重新用于食品、农业、营养和生物医学应用。
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