Alkayyal Almohanad A, Mahmoud Ahmad Bakur
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Mar 6;18(3):376. doi: 10.3390/ph18030376.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer with a 15-month median survival, despite advancements in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment and the blood-brain barrier are major contributors to its poor prognosis and treatment resistance. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in developing cell-based vaccines to boost immune responses against GBM. This review provides an extensive update on recent clinical trials involving various cancer cell vaccines, including ICT-107, the α-type-1 DC vaccine, and others. Although these trials have demonstrated potential improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), the diverse and immune-suppressed nature of GBM poses challenges for consistent therapeutic success. We discuss the details of these trials along with the potential mechanism of vaccine efficacy and immune activations. The findings of these trials highlight the significance of a personalized immunotherapy approach and suggest that patient stratification could significantly advance the clinical management of GBM.
多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）被认为是最具侵袭性的脑癌形式之一，尽管手术、放疗和化疗有所进展，但其中位生存期仍为15个月。免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境和血脑屏障是其预后不良和治疗耐药的主要原因。在过去十年中，在开发基于细胞的疫苗以增强针对GBM的免疫反应方面取得了重大进展。本综述广泛更新了最近涉及各种癌细胞疫苗的临床试验，包括ICT-107、α-1型树突状细胞疫苗等。尽管这些试验已证明无进展生存期（PFS）和总生存期（OS）有潜在改善，但GBM的多样性和免疫抑制性质给持续的治疗成功带来了挑战。我们讨论了这些试验的细节以及疫苗疗效和免疫激活的潜在机制。这些试验的结果突出了个性化免疫治疗方法的重要性，并表明患者分层可显著推进GBM的临床管理。
