Pharmacologic treatments for gastroparesis.

Gastroparesis is a neurogastrointestinal disorder of motility in which patients experience symptoms of nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal discomfort or pain, and delayed gastric emptying of solids based on scintigraphy or stable isotope breath test when mechanical obstruction has been excluded. Symptoms of gastroparesis may result from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including antroduodenal hypomotility, pylorospasm, increased gastric accommodation, and visceral hypersensitivity. The most common etiologies of gastroparesis are idiopathic, diabetic, and postsurgical, and less frequent causes are neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease), myopathies (scleroderma, amyloidosis), medication-induced (glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and opioid agents), and paraneoplastic syndrome. This review addresses pharmacologic management of gastroparesis including prokinetic and antiemetic agents, pharmacologic agents targeting the pylorus, and effects of neuromodulators. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Gastroparesis is a neurogastrointestinal motility disorder characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction with numerous upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea and vomiting. The management of gastroparesis involves nutritional support, medications, and procedures. The only Food and Drug Administration-approved medication for gastroparesis is metoclopramide. This article reviews the pharmacology and efficacy of all classes of antiemetics or prokinetic effects used in gastroparesis. There is still a considerable unmet need for efficacious medications specifically for the treatment of gastroparesis, especially in refractory cases.