Grosche Antje, Grosche Jens, Verkhratsky Alexei
Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
Effigos AG, Leipzig, Germany.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2025;210:239-265. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00017-X.
Neuroglia of the retina are represented by Müller glia, parenchymal astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes mainly associated with the optic nerve. Müller glia are the most numerous glia, endowed with multiple homeostatic functions and indispensable for the retinal morphofunctional organization. Müller cells integrate retinal neurons into individual functional units (known as retinal columns) and act as a living light guide, transmitting photons to photoreceptors. In pathology, retinal neuroglia undergo complex changes, which include upregulation of neuroprotection, reactive gliosis, and functional asthenia. The balance between all these changes defines the progression and outcome of retinal disorders.
视网膜的神经胶质细胞包括 Müller 胶质细胞、实质星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和主要与视神经相关的少突胶质细胞。Müller 胶质细胞是数量最多的胶质细胞，具有多种稳态功能，对视网膜形态功能组织不可或缺。Müller 细胞将视网膜神经元整合为单个功能单元（称为视网膜柱），并充当活体光导，将光子传递给光感受器。在病理学中，视网膜神经胶质细胞会发生复杂变化，包括神经保护上调、反应性胶质增生和功能衰弱。所有这些变化之间的平衡决定了视网膜疾病的进展和结果。
