Bernardez Beatriz, Higuera Oliver, Martinez-Callejo Virginia, Cardeña-Gutiérrez Ana, Marcos Rodríguez José Antonio, Santaballa Bertrán Ana, Majem Margarita, Moreno-Martínez Maria-Estela
Departament of Medicine and Pharmacology Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Oncology Pharmacy Unit, Pharmacy Service, University Clinic Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Clin Transl Oncol. 2025 Apr 1. doi: 10.1007/s12094-025-03894-1.
Sex and gender may influence the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of cancer. This narrative review describes sex and gender differences in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cancer, and how such differences may impact the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cancer treatment. For most types of cancer unrelated to reproductive function, incidence is higher in males than in females, except for gallbladder and thyroid cancers, which are much more common in women. Cancer mortality is higher in men than women; women account for a larger proportion of survivors. These differences may be related to biological differences in pathogenesis or differences in behaviors relating to cancer risk or detection. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cancer therapies also differ between sexes due to differences in body composition, physiology, and receptor expression. Overall, sex and gender are essential variables to be considered in research and clinical practice, influencing diagnosis, subtyping (biomarkers), prognostication, treatment, and dosage.
性别可能会影响癌症的流行病学、发病机制和预后。这篇叙述性综述描述了癌症流行病学和发病机制中的性别差异，以及这些差异如何影响癌症治疗的药效学和药代动力学。对于大多数与生殖功能无关的癌症类型，男性的发病率高于女性，但胆囊癌和甲状腺癌除外，这两种癌症在女性中更为常见。男性的癌症死亡率高于女性；女性在幸存者中所占比例更大。这些差异可能与发病机制中的生物学差异或与癌症风险或检测相关的行为差异有关。由于身体组成、生理学和受体表达的差异，癌症治疗的药代动力学和药效学在性别之间也有所不同。总体而言，性别是研究和临床实践中需要考虑的重要变量，会影响诊断、亚型分类（生物标志物）、预后、治疗和剂量。
