Naik Yogesh Dashrath, Bahuguna Rajeev N, Garcia-Caparros Pedro, Zwart Rebecca S, Reddy M S Sai, Mir Reyazul Rouf, Jha Uday Chand, Fakrudin B, Pandey Manish K, Challabathula Dinakar, Sharma Vinay Kumar, Reddy Umesh K, Kumar Chanda Venkata Sameer, Mendu Venugopal, Prasad P V Vara, Punnuri Somashekhar M, Varshney Rajeev K, Thudi Mahendar
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.
National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Plant Genome. 2025 Jun;18(2):e70017. doi: 10.1002/tpg2.70017.
The flowering time (FTi) plays a critical role in the reproductive success and yield of various crop species by directly impacting both the quality and quantity of grain yield. Achieving optimal FTi is crucial for maximizing reproductive success and ensuring overall agricultural productivity. While genetic factors undoubtedly influence FTi, photoperiodism and vernalization are recognized as key contributors to the complex physiological processes governing flowering in plants. Identifying candidate genes and pathways associated with FTi is essential for developing genomic interventions and plant breeding to enhance adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. This review highlights the intricate nature of the regulatory mechanisms of flowering and emphasizes the vital importance of precisely regulating FTi to ensure plant adaptability and reproductive success. Special attention is given to essential genes, pathways, and genomic interventions geared toward promoting early flowering, particularly under challenging environmental conditions such as drought, heat, and cold stress as well as other abiotic stresses that occur during the critical flowering stage of major field crops. Moreover, this review explores the significant progress achieved in omics technologies, offering valuable insights and tools for deciphering and regulating FTi. In summary, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing FTi, with a particular focus on their crucial role in bolstering yields under adverse environmental conditions to safeguard food security.
开花时间（FTi）通过直接影响谷物产量的质量和数量，在各种作物的繁殖成功和产量方面起着关键作用。实现最佳的FTi对于最大化繁殖成功率和确保整体农业生产力至关重要。虽然遗传因素无疑会影响FTi，但光周期现象和春化作用被认为是控制植物开花的复杂生理过程的关键因素。识别与FTi相关的候选基因和途径对于开发基因组干预措施和植物育种以增强对不同环境条件的适应性至关重要。本综述强调了开花调控机制的复杂性，并强调了精确调控FTi以确保植物适应性和繁殖成功的至关重要性。特别关注了旨在促进早花的关键基因、途径和基因组干预措施，尤其是在干旱、高温和低温胁迫等具有挑战性的环境条件下，以及在主要大田作物关键开花阶段发生的其他非生物胁迫下。此外，本综述探讨了组学技术取得的重大进展，为解读和调控FTi提供了有价值的见解和工具。总之，本综述旨在全面了解控制FTi的机制，特别关注它们在不利环境条件下提高产量以保障粮食安全方面的关键作用。
