Current advances in animal model of meniscal injury: From meniscal injury to osteoarthritis.

Meniscal injury is a prevalent orthopedic practice that causes articular cartilage wear and degeneration due to tissue damage or loss, and may eventually result in the occurrence of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Hence, investigating the structural regeneration and mechanical function restoration of the meniscus after injury is pivotal research topic for preventing KOA. Animal models are essential for investigating therapeutic strategies for meniscal injuries and their clinical translation, yet no current model can fully recapitulate the complexity of human meniscal injuries. This review aims to categorize the prevalent animal models of meniscal injury by their establishment methods, elucidate their principles and procedures, and discuss the suitability and limitations of each model. We delineate the pros and cons of different models in simulating the pathology and biomechanics of human meniscal injury. We also analyze different animal species regarding their meniscal structure, function, and repair potential, and their implications for model selection. We conclude that selecting an appropriate animal model requires a comprehensive consideration of various factors, such as research aims, anticipated outcomes, and feasibility. Furthermore, to translate novel therapeutic approaches to clinical applications more safely and effectively, future model development should emphasize aspects such as choosing animals of suitable age. The Translational Potential of this Article: This review aims to categorize and discuss current animal models of meniscal injury by establishment methods and provides a comprehensive overview of the routinely employed experimental animals in each model to facilitate the clinical translation of OA-related research.