Global, Regional, and National Burden of Pulmonary Fungal Infections 1990-2021.

The lungs are the most prevalent site for invasive fungal infections, and the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary fungal infections (PFIs) pose significant challenges, accompanied by a substantial disease burden. Global factors will likely enhance the risk of PFIs in the future. Assessing the global burden of PFIs is crucial for implementing appropriate measures for prevention and control. To evaluate the burden of PFIs at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021 and make projections for 2044. Data on deaths and disability-adjusted life years due to PFIs were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease database. Linear regression, complex inequality measures, and the Nordpred model were used for analysis and visualization. In 2021, the global incidence of PFIs was estimated at 5.62 million cases (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 4.93 to 6.40 million), with 45,542 deaths (95% UI, 39,299 to 51,944). The age-standardized mortality rate was 0.56 per 100,000 (95% UI, 0.48 to 0.64 per 100,000). From 1990 to 2021, the estimated annual percentage change was -1.03% (95% confidence interval, -1.13% to -0.93%), with an observed increase in mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries. The mortality rate significantly increased among individuals aged ⩾50 years. By 2044, more than 87,000 deaths are expected from PFIs, at a rate of about 0.58 per 100,000. PFIs represent a significant global challenge that warrants attention and necessitates international collaboration to collectively address this issue.