Brown G W, Hayden G F
Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985 Sep;24(9):490-8. doi: 10.1177/000992288502400905.
In clinical research, "samples" are studied in order to get ideas about the characteristics of the larger populations from which the samples are taken. Population characteristics are called parameters (the population mean and standard deviation are examples). Parametric statistical methods are those that require estimates of parameters and assumptions about the source populations. Familiar examples of parametric methods are the t test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Nonparametric (NP) methods do not require estimates of population parameters. These methods are sometimes called "distribution-free" because the samples of interest can be evaluated without concern for the shape (distribution) of the values in the populations providing the samples. NP methods also are called "ranking" or "ordering" tests, because the relative size or order of the observations may be evaluated, rather than requiring actual measurements. More than 30% of the research reports that appeared between July 1982 and June 1983, in four pediatric journals, employed at least one nonparametric method. The commonly used tests were chi-square, the Fisher exact test, and various "ranking" methods. An alphabetical list of common nonparametric tests is presented, with brief comments about each. Tables are presented, arranged by types of observations, so that the nature of the data guides the user to the method that might be used.
在临床研究中，对“样本”进行研究是为了了解抽取这些样本的更大总体的特征。总体特征称为参数（总体均值和标准差就是例子）。参数统计方法是那些需要对参数进行估计并对源总体做出假设的方法。参数方法常见的例子有t检验、方差分析和皮尔逊相关系数。非参数（NP）方法不需要对总体参数进行估计。这些方法有时被称为“无分布”方法，因为可以在不考虑提供样本的总体中数值的形状（分布）的情况下，对感兴趣的样本进行评估。NP方法也被称为“排序”或“定序”检验，因为可以评估观察值的相对大小或顺序，而不需要实际测量值。在1982年7月至1983年6月期间发表在四种儿科期刊上的研究报告中，超过30%至少使用了一种非参数方法。常用的检验方法有卡方检验、费舍尔精确检验和各种“排序”方法。本文列出了常见非参数检验的字母顺序列表，并对每种检验进行了简要说明。还按观察类型列出了表格，以便数据的性质引导用户选择可能使用的方法。
