Wanjohi Milkah N, Kimani-Murage Elizabeth Wambui, Holdsworth Michelle, Pradeilles Rebecca, Wilunda Calistus, Asiki Gershim, Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin
Julius Global Health, Department of Global Public Health and Bioethics, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Nutrition and Food Systems Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
Public Health Nutr. 2025 Apr 3:1-37. doi: 10.1017/S1368980025000400.
To explore the perceptions, drivers, and potential solutions to consumption of unhealthy, ultra-processed foods (UPF) and foods high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS), and their contribution to the double burden of malnutrition in adolescents living in urban slums, Kenya.
Qualitative participatory research, through Photovoice, group discussions and community dialogues. Inductive, thematic analysis was undertaken.
Three major slums, Nairobi.
Adolescents 10-19 years (n=102: 51 boys, 51 girls) and adults (n=62).
UPF/HFSS consumption emerged as a predominant theme on the causes of undernutrition and overweight/obesity and foods commonly consumed by adolescents. Adolescents described UPF/HFSS as junk, oily, sugary or foods with chemicals, and associated UPF/HFSS consumption with undernutrition, obesity, non-communicable diseases. They perceived UPF/HFSS as modern, urban, classy, appealing to young people, and minimally processed foods as boring, primitive, for older people, and those in rural areas. Individual-level drivers of UPF/HFSS consumption were organoleptic attributes (taste/aroma), body size/shape, illicit drug use, convenience, adolescents' autonomy. Social environment drivers were peer-pressure and social status/aspirations. Physical environment drivers were UPF/HFSS availability and accessibility in the slums. Education on healthy eating and adverse effects of consuming UPF/HFSS, through existing structures (youth groups, school, community health strategy) was proposed as potential solution to UPF/HFSS consumption.
UPF/HFSS were perceived as associated with poor nutrition and health, yet were preferred over unprocessed/minimally processed foods. Interventions to promote healthy diets beyond raising awareness are important, while address the underlying perceptions and drivers of UPF/HFSS consumption at individual-level, and social and physical food environments.
探讨肯尼亚城市贫民窟青少年对不健康、超加工食品（UPF）以及高脂肪、高盐和高糖食品（HFSS）的认知、消费驱动因素和潜在解决方案，及其对青少年营养不良双重负担的影响。
采用照片声音法、小组讨论和社区对话进行定性参与式研究。进行归纳性主题分析。
内罗毕的三个主要贫民窟。
10至19岁的青少年（n = 102：51名男孩，51名女孩）和成年人（n = 62）。
UPF/HFSS消费成为青少年营养不良、超重/肥胖原因以及青少年常见消费食品的主要主题。青少年将UPF/HFSS描述为垃圾食品、油腻食品、含糖食品或含有化学物质的食品，并将UPF/HFSS消费与营养不良、肥胖、非传染性疾病联系起来。他们认为UPF/HFSS具有现代、都市、时尚的特点，对年轻人有吸引力，而认为未加工/最低限度加工的食品乏味、原始，适合老年人和农村地区的人。UPF/HFSS消费的个人层面驱动因素包括感官属性（味道/香气）、体型/身材、非法药物使用、便利性、青少年的自主性。社会环境驱动因素是同伴压力和社会地位/抱负。物理环境驱动因素是贫民窟中UPF/HFSS的可获得性和可及性。建议通过现有结构（青年团体、学校、社区健康策略）开展关于健康饮食以及食用UPF/HFSS的不良影响的教育，作为解决UPF/HFSS消费问题的潜在解决方案。
UPF/HFSS被认为与营养和健康状况不佳有关，但比未加工/最低限度加工的食品更受青睐。除了提高认识之外，促进健康饮食的干预措施很重要，同时要解决个人层面以及社会和物理食品环境中UPF/HFSS消费的潜在认知和驱动因素。
