Hogue Candace M, Fry Mary D, Fry Andrew C, Wineinger Troy O, Chamberlin Jacob M, Cabarkapa Dimitrije, Eserhaut Drake
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA.
University of Kansas, USA.
Psychol Sport Exerc. 2025 Jul;79:102849. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102849. Epub 2025 Apr 3.
The primary purpose of this experimental investigation was to assess former athletes' psychoneuroendocrine responses to the perceived motivational climate during a free throw shooting clinic. Thirty-nine male former basketball players (Mage = 20.18) were randomly assigned to a free throw shooting clinic with either a caring, task-involving climate (CTIC; socially supportive, mastery-focused) or an ego-involving climate (EIC; hypercompetitive, winning-centered). Saliva samples were collected at six time points to assess salivary cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase including two baseline (t = -45 and -30 min from the start of the clinic) and four response/return-to-baseline samples (t = + 20, 35, 50, and 65 min). Participants completed pre- and post-clinic surveys in order to assess psychosocial stress experiences, psychosocial stress responses (e.g., shame), enjoyment, cognitive and somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Compared with the CTIC participants, the EIC participants had significantly greater salivary cortisol and testosterone concentrations and reported greater psychosocial stress experiences and shame. The salivary cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase levels of participants in the EIC group increased significantly from baseline, along with their testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C ratio). In contrast, CTIC participants reported greater enjoyment during the free throw clinic and their salivary cortisol levels decreased relative to baseline levels. Collectively the findings suggest athletes respond more favorably to performance stress when immersed in a CTIC as opposed to an EIC. Likewise, the psychoneuroendocrine profile of the EIC participants indicate that recurrent exposure to EICs in sporting contexts may have adverse implications for athletic performance and recovery, although further research is needed.
本实验研究的主要目的是评估前运动员在罚球投篮训练期间对感知到的动机氛围的心理神经内分泌反应。39名男性前篮球运动员（平均年龄=20.18岁）被随机分配到一个罚球投篮训练中，训练氛围要么是关爱、注重任务的氛围（CTIC；社会支持、以掌握为重点），要么是以自我为中心的氛围（EIC；高度竞争、以获胜为中心）。在六个时间点采集唾液样本，以评估唾液皮质醇、睾酮和α-淀粉酶，包括两个基线样本（训练开始前-45分钟和-30分钟）和四个反应/恢复到基线样本（训练开始后+20、35、50和65分钟）。参与者在训练前和训练后完成调查问卷，以评估心理社会压力经历、心理社会压力反应（如羞耻感）、享受程度、认知和躯体焦虑以及自信心。与CTIC组参与者相比，EIC组参与者的唾液皮质醇和睾酮浓度显著更高，并且报告有更大的心理社会压力经历和羞耻感。EIC组参与者的唾液皮质醇、睾酮和α-淀粉酶水平相对于基线显著升高，同时他们的睾酮/皮质醇比值（T/C比值）也升高。相比之下，CTIC组参与者在罚球投篮训练期间报告有更大的享受程度，并且他们的唾液皮质醇水平相对于基线水平有所下降。总体而言，研究结果表明，与EIC相比，运动员在CTIC氛围中对表现压力的反应更积极。同样，EIC组参与者的心理神经内分泌特征表明，在体育环境中反复接触EIC可能对运动表现和恢复有不利影响，尽管还需要进一步研究。
