Ghamangiz Sheyda, Jafari Abbas, Maleki-Kakelar Hadi, Azimi Hadi, Mazloomi Ebrahim
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
Life Sci. 2025 Jun 15;371:123601. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123601. Epub 2025 Apr 4.
Macrophages represent a crucial cell type within the immune system, exhibiting significant adaptability that allows for the transformation into various phenotypes in response to their surrounding environment. This review investigates the characteristics of various macrophage phenotypes and their functional roles in disease pathogenesis and resolution. The M1 phenotype, recognized for its inflammatory attributes, plays a pivotal role in combating infections and tumors; however, it may also contribute to tissue injury, persistent inflammation, and the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Conversely, the M2 phenotype is associated with anti-inflammatory activities and tissue repair processes. But this is not the end of the story and researches illustrated novel phenotypes that may provide new approaches and therapeutic opportunities. Recent progress in characterizing distinct macrophage phenotypes has enabled the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. This review underscores the critical role of macrophage polarization, illustrating how various stimuli can influence macrophage fate and modify their responses. Additionally, it explores the implications of macrophage plasticity on disease progression and treatment efficacy. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamics is essential for the advancement of targeted immunotherapies, which possess the potential to transform treatment strategies for a variety of medical conditions.
巨噬细胞是免疫系统中的一种关键细胞类型，具有显著的适应性，能够根据周围环境转变为各种表型。本综述研究了各种巨噬细胞表型的特征及其在疾病发病机制和转归中的功能作用。以其炎症特性而闻名的M1表型在对抗感染和肿瘤中起关键作用；然而，它也可能导致组织损伤、持续性炎症以及自身免疫性和炎症性疾病的发病机制。相反，M2表型与抗炎活动和组织修复过程相关。但故事并未到此为止，研究表明还有新的表型，可能提供新的方法和治疗机会。在表征不同巨噬细胞表型方面的最新进展，为慢性炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病和癌症开发了创新的治疗策略。本综述强调了巨噬细胞极化的关键作用，阐述了各种刺激如何影响巨噬细胞命运并改变其反应。此外，还探讨了巨噬细胞可塑性对疾病进展和治疗效果的影响。全面了解这些动态对于推进靶向免疫疗法至关重要，靶向免疫疗法有可能改变多种医疗状况的治疗策略。
