Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in two non-Arabian horses.

Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation was diagnosed in a 19-month-old mare of Appaloosa breeding and in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. Both horses had abnormal head and neck carriage since birth, but neurologic deficits did not become evident clinically until the horses reached 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Palpation and manipulation of the base of the skull and cervical area proved to be useful diagnostically. Movement could not be elicited at the atlantooccipital joint but, in comparison with clinically normal horses, the range of dorsoventral motion at the atlantoaxial joint was increased. Alternate subluxation and relocation of this joint generated audible clicking sounds. Radiography revealed symmetric atlantooccipital fusion, with modification of the atlas, atlantoaxial joint, and axis. These findings were confirmed at necropsy.