Role of guanylate-binding protein 5 in inflammatory diseases, immune diseases, cancers, and its potential therapeutic implications.

Guanylate-binding protein 5 (GBP5) is an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced GTPase (Guanosine Triphosphatease) family member. It contains highly conserved guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding and hydrolysis domains, particularly within myeloid and T cells. Extensive research has underscored the critical role of GBP5 in various biological processes, including inflammation, cancer cell migration, and viral defence. In addition, GBP5 is involved in a range of physiological processes and is implicated in various pathological conditions, including inflammation and immune-related disorders. Recent studies have revealed the significant role of GBP5 in the initiation and progression of cancer. The impact of GBP5 on cancer varies depending on the specific cancer type and its underlying mechanisms of action. GBP5 can modulate multiple signalling pathways, including those involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, invasive metastasis, and the maintenance of homeostasis in vivo, all of which contribute to the progression of cancer. Consequently, in addition to functioning as a downstream molecule in the IFN-γ signalling pathway, GBP5 can influence the onset and progression of various diseases. This article examines the role of GBP5 in inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies while also exploring its potential therapeutic implications. We aim to deepen our understanding of GBP5 and assess its prospective applications in clinical diagnosis and treatment.