Qureshi Naeela, Gonzalez Blanca Minerva, Velazquez-Miranda Hedilberto, Bhavani Sridhar
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El-Batan, Texcoco, Mexico.
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya.
Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2898:209-220. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4378-5_12.
The three rust diseases, yellow (stripe) rust, black (stem) rust, and brown (leaf) rust are major challenges to wheat production, causing annual global yield losses of approximately 15 million tons valued at US$ 2.9 billion. Genetic resistance, including race-specific genes (R genes) and adult plant resistance (APR), is the primary control strategy against rust diseases. Field phenotyping plays a critical role in characterizing both types of resistance, aiding in the assessment of R and APR genes for durable resistance in breeding. Field phenotyping helps breeding programs select superior resistant germplasm by evaluating wheat lines under artificial epidemics of predominant relevant pathotypes or isolates. It allows better understanding of gene effects, interactions, stability, and responses to variable pathogen races and environments. Field phenotyping ensures rust resistance evaluations align with field circumstances and high artificial epiphytotic conditions, making breeding efforts more relevant and impactful. In conclusion, field phenotyping holds paramount importance in assessing rust resistance in wheat, providing realistic, quantitative, and environment-specific data for the development of improved wheat cultivars with enhanced rust resistance and sustainable productivity. This chapter provides a comprehensive guide to leaf and stem rust of wheat, offering a step-by-step approach to understanding these diseases and conducting field evaluations and the critical role of field phenotyping in characterizing types of resistance types. The chapter equips readers with practical insights into evaluating wheat lines under artificial epidemics, enabling researchers with the knowledge and tools necessary to contribute to breeding efforts aimed at developing improved wheat varieties with enhanced rust resistance and sustainable productivity.
三种锈病，即条锈病、秆锈病和叶锈病，是小麦生产面临的主要挑战，每年在全球造成约1500万吨的产量损失，价值29亿美元。遗传抗性，包括小种专化基因（R基因）和成年植株抗性（APR），是防治锈病的主要策略。田间表型分析在鉴定这两种抗性类型方面起着关键作用，有助于评估R基因和APR基因在育种中的持久抗性。田间表型分析通过在主要相关致病型或分离株的人工流行病害条件下评估小麦品系，帮助育种计划选择优良的抗性种质。它有助于更好地理解基因效应、相互作用、稳定性以及对不同病原菌小种和环境的反应。田间表型分析确保锈病抗性评估与田间情况和高人工流行病害条件相一致，使育种工作更具针对性和影响力。总之，田间表型分析在评估小麦锈病抗性方面至关重要，为培育具有更强锈病抗性和可持续生产力的改良小麦品种提供了现实、定量且针对特定环境的数据。本章提供了一份关于小麦叶锈病和秆锈病的全面指南，介绍了逐步了解这些病害以及进行田间评估的方法，以及田间表型分析在鉴定抗性类型方面的关键作用。本章为读者提供了在人工流行病害条件下评估小麦品系的实用见解，使研究人员具备了相关知识和工具，能够为培育具有更强锈病抗性和可持续生产力的改良小麦品种的育种工作做出贡献。
