Dyussembayeva Madina, Tashekova Azhar, Shakenov Yerbol, Kolbin Vladimir, Nurgaisinova Nazgul, Mamyrbayeva Ainur, Abisheva Marija
The Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2 Beibyt Atom St., Kurchatov City 180010 Republic of Kazakhstan
RSC Adv. 2025 Apr 8;15(14):11034-11044. doi: 10.1039/d5ra00801h. eCollection 2025 Apr 4.
Water quality of small rivers in the Ulba basin has been assessed in the impact zone of the mining industry of the Ridder region in East Kazakhstan. Sixteen elements in the waters of small rivers and general chemical water indices were determined using mass spectrometry. The waters of the small rivers under investigation were primarily ultra-fresh and slightly alkaline. The chemical composition of the examined waters was characterised as a sodium-potassium sulphate type, a calcium-magnesium bicarbonate type, and a mixed chemical type, namely, sodium-calcium bicarbonate-sulphate. These waters do not conform to the Health Standards established by the Republic of Kazakhstan, as indicated by the hardness indices for the Filippovka and Bystrukha riv. The cadmium content exceeded the MPC set by the Health Standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the waters of the Ulba riv. (up to 21 MPC), Tikhaya (up to 5 MPC) and Filippovka riv. (up to 3 MPC) in 65%, 88% and 18% of water samples, respectively. Single samples were also found to contain elevated concentrations of manganese (Filippovka riv. and Breksa riv.) and ferrum (Breksa riv.). According to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US MPC, exceedances of manganese, aluminium, iron, and cadmium contents in the waters of the Ulba, Filippovka, Breksa, and Bystrukha rivers were observed, ranging from 1 to 7 times. The highest exceedances were recorded in the waters of the Ulba river, with manganese concentrations exceeding the WHO standards by 4 times and US EPA standards by 6.4 times and cadmium concentrations exceeding the WHO standards by 7 times and US EPA standards by 4.2 times. In most water samples from Tikhaya and Ulba riverbeds and in the upper reach of the Filippovka riv, high and average levels of water contamination were revealed (according to the pollution index of heavy metals (HPI)). Alternatively, low contamination levels (<15) with no elevated concentrations of heavy metals were observed in the waters of Zhuravlikha, Malaya Zhuravlikha, Gromotukha, Khariuzovka, Bystrukha and Breksa.
对哈萨克斯坦东部 Ridder 地区采矿业影响区内乌尔巴河流域的小河水质进行了评估。采用质谱法测定了小河水中的 16 种元素和一般化学水质指标。所调查的小河水主要为超新鲜水且呈弱碱性。所检测水体的化学组成特征为硫酸钠 - 钾型、碳酸氢钙 - 镁型以及混合化学类型，即碳酸氢钠 - 钙 - 硫酸盐型。如菲利波夫卡河和比斯特鲁哈河的硬度指标所示，这些水体不符合哈萨克斯坦共和国制定的健康标准。在乌尔巴河（高达 21 倍 MPC）、季哈亚河（高达 5 倍 MPC）和菲利波夫卡河（高达 3 倍 MPC）的水体中，镉含量分别在 65%、88%和 18%的水样中超过了哈萨克斯坦共和国健康标准规定的 MPC。还发现个别水样中锰（菲利波夫卡河和布雷克萨河）和铁（布雷克萨河）的浓度升高。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国 MPC 制定的标准，乌尔巴河、菲利波夫卡河、布雷克萨河和比斯特鲁哈河的水体中锰、铝、铁和镉含量超标 1 至 7 倍。乌尔巴河水中超标情况最为严重，锰浓度超过 WHO 标准 4 倍，超过美国环保署（EPA）标准 6.4 倍，镉浓度超过 WHO 标准 7 倍，超过美国 EPA 标准 4.2 倍。在季哈亚河和乌尔巴河河床的大多数水样以及菲利波夫卡河上游，显示出高和中等程度的水污染水平（根据重金属污染指数（HPI））。相反，在朱拉夫利哈河、小朱拉夫利哈河、格罗莫图哈河、哈里乌佐夫卡河、比斯特鲁哈河和布雷克萨河的水体中观察到低污染水平（<15），且重金属浓度未升高。
