Faulkner Katherine, Lowery Christopher, Martindale Rowan Clare, Simpson Carl, Fraass Andrew Jeffrey
Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Proc Biol Sci. 2025 Apr;292(2044):20250221. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.0221. Epub 2025 Apr 9.
Marine calcifiers produce calcareous structures (e.g. shells, skeletons or tests) and are therefore sensitive to ocean chemistry. Nevertheless, the long-term evolutionary consequences of marine carbonate changes are not well understood. This article compares calcareous and non-calcareous responses to ocean chemistry changes throughout the Phanerozoic Eon (541 million years ago to present). To accomplish this, we calculated proportional wall-type diversity, origination rates and extinction rates for 2282 benthic foraminiferal genera. Calcareous origination and extinction rates fluctuated throughout the Palaeozoic Era (541-251.9 million years ago), but during the Mesozoic Era (251.9-66 million years ago), calcareous origination and extinction rates stabilized following the evolution of pelagic calcifiers. Despite variations in Cenozoic Era (66-0 million years ago) foraminifera diversity, calcareous wall types maintained around 77% proportional diversity. Although calcareous wall-type extinction rates decline during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Phanerozoic foraminifera wall-type changes during individual events are largely contingent upon contemporaneous conditions rather than overarching trends. Of the Big Five mass extinction events, calcareous wall-type proportions only decreased at the end-Permian (73% to 26% diversity) and end-Triassic (56% to 50% diversity). These results suggest long-term ocean chemistry changes were not the main driver of foraminiferal wall-type diversity through time.
海洋钙化生物会产生钙质结构（如贝壳、骨骼或外壳），因此对海洋化学环境敏感。然而，海洋碳酸盐变化的长期进化后果尚未得到充分理解。本文比较了显生宙（5.41亿年前至今）期间钙质和非钙质生物对海洋化学变化的反应。为实现这一目标，我们计算了2282个底栖有孔虫属的壁类型比例多样性、起源率和灭绝率。钙质生物的起源率和灭绝率在古生代（5.41 - 2.519亿年前）期间波动，但在中生代（2.519 - 0.66亿年前），随着浮游钙化生物的进化，钙质生物的起源率和灭绝率趋于稳定。尽管新生代（0.66 - 0亿年前）有孔虫多样性存在变化，但钙质壁类型的比例多样性保持在77%左右。虽然钙质壁类型的灭绝率在中生代和新生代有所下降，但显生宙期间有孔虫壁类型在个别事件中的变化很大程度上取决于同期条件，而非总体趋势。在五次大灭绝事件中，钙质壁类型比例仅在二叠纪末期（多样性从73%降至26%）和三叠纪末期（多样性从56%降至50%）有所下降。这些结果表明，长期的海洋化学变化并非有孔虫壁类型多样性随时间变化的主要驱动因素。
