Comprehensive review of non-invasive-treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity in breast cancer.

Cardiovascular toxicity is a significant side effect of breast cancer treatment and has emerged as a leading cause of non-tumor-related deaths among breast cancer survivors, emphasizing the critical need for effective monitoring and management of these complications. As breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer among women, advancements in survival rates have been achieved through treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the cardiovascular toxicity mechanisms associated with both established and emerging breast cancer therapies, identifies potential therapeutic targets and monitoring strategies, and highlights key deficiencies and challenges in the field. By offering insights into the early detection, prevention, and management of cardiovascular complications, this review aims to guide future research directions and clinical practices, ultimately improving outcomes for breast cancer patients.