Liu Qimin, Tang Mingcong, Rodriguez Violeta J
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Apr 1;8(4):e254502. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.4502.
Nearly 40% of sexual and gender minority individuals become parents. Research has highlighted the intergenerational outcomes of parental psychopathology associated with child psychiatric symptoms, yet how stigma and parental mental health influence child outcomes in sexual and gender minority families remains unclear.
To examine associations between parental stigma experiences and psychiatric symptoms and children's mental health and emotional and behavioral well-being.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This survey study recruited a community-based sample of sexual and gender minority parents (aged ≥18 years) between October 12 and December 1, 2023. Parents reported stigma experiences, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and their children's emotional and conduct problems.
Parental stigma defined as discrimination and internalized stigma.
Parental externalizing and internalizing psychopathology and child emotional and conduct problems were analyzed using structural equation modeling with bifactor measurement models.
The sample included 551 sexual and gender minority parents (mean [SD] age, 34.5 [8.7] years, 268 identifying as cisgender women [48.6%]). Parental psychiatric symptoms were significantly associated with children's psychiatric symptoms (β [SE], 9.35 [3.44]; 95% CI, 2.61-16.09). Parental externalizing symptoms were associated with child conduct problems (β [SE], 0.67 [0.32]; 95% CI, 0.03-1.30), while internalizing symptoms were associated with child emotional problems (β [SE], 2.05 [0.77]; 95% CI, 0.54-3.55). General stigma was associated with both child psychiatric symptoms (β [SE], 3.53 [1.20]; 95% CI, 1.18-5.89) and emotional problems (β [SE], 2.13 [0.45]; 95% CI, 1.25-3.01). Discrimination, was also significantly associated with child emotional problems (β [SE], 0.22 [0.11]; 95% CI, 0.00-0.44).
This survey study found that parental stigma experiences in sexual and gender minority families are associated with both parental and child psychopathology. These findings highlight the need for longitudinal, multi-informant research to guide interventions supporting sexual and gender minority family mental health.
近40%的性少数和性别少数个体成为父母。研究强调了与儿童精神症状相关的父母精神病理学的代际结果，然而，在性少数和性别少数家庭中，耻辱感和父母心理健康如何影响儿童结局仍不清楚。
研究父母的耻辱经历、精神症状与儿童心理健康、情绪及行为幸福感之间的关联。
设计、背景和参与者：这项调查研究于2023年10月12日至12月1日招募了一个以社区为基础的性少数和性别少数父母样本（年龄≥18岁）。父母报告了耻辱经历、内化和外化精神病理学情况以及他们孩子的情绪和行为问题。
父母耻辱定义为歧视和内化耻辱感。
使用具有双因素测量模型的结构方程模型分析父母的外化和内化精神病理学以及儿童的情绪和行为问题。
样本包括551名性少数和性别少数父母（平均[标准差]年龄为34.5[8.7]岁，268名被认定为顺性别女性[48.6%]）。父母的精神症状与孩子的精神症状显著相关（β[标准误]，9.35[3.44]；95%置信区间，2.61 - 16.09）。父母的外化症状与孩子的行为问题相关（β[标准误]，0.67[0.32]；95%置信区间，0.03 - 1.30），而内化症状与孩子的情绪问题相关（β[标准误]，2.05[0.77]；95%置信区间，0.54 - 3.55）。一般耻辱感与孩子的精神症状（β[标准误]，3.53[1.20]；95%置信区间，1.18 - 5.89）和情绪问题（β[标准误]，2.13[0.45]；95%置信区间，1.25 - 3.01）均相关。歧视也与孩子的情绪问题显著相关（β[标准误]，0.22[0.11]；95%置信区间，0.00 - 0.44）。
这项调查研究发现，性少数和性别少数家庭中父母的耻辱经历与父母及孩子的精神病理学均相关。这些发现凸显了开展纵向、多信息源研究以指导支持性少数和性别少数家庭心理健康干预措施的必要性。
