Use of Artificial Intelligence in Vesicoureteral Reflux Disease: A Comparative Study of Guideline Compliance.

This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of four different artificial intelligence applications (ChatGPT-4.0, Bing AI, Google Bard, and Perplexity) with the American Urological Association (AUA) vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) management guidelines. Fifty-one questions derived from the AUA guidelines were asked of each AI application. Two experienced paediatric surgeons independently scored the responses using a five-point Likert scale. Inter-rater agreement was analysed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). ChatGPT-4.0, Bing AI, Google Bard, and Perplexity received mean scores of 4.91, 4.85, 4.75 and 4.70 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the AI applications ( = 0.223). The inter-rater ICC values were above 0.9 for all platforms, indicating a high level of consistency in scoring. The evaluated AI applications agreed highly with the AUA VUR management guidelines. These results suggest that AI applications may be a potential tool for providing guideline-based recommendations in paediatric urology.