Zhang Yi, Song Yongye, Cheng Shuai, Xia Yunting, Li Hongxing, Huang Jiangping, Xu Luxi, Zhang Na
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China.
Nutrients. 2025 Mar 21;17(7):1099. doi: 10.3390/nu17071099.
: Maintaining an appropriate hydration status is crucial for promoting health. Children, who are in the process of growth and development, are at a higher risk of insufficient water intake and dehydration. This study aimed to compare water intake among children with different levels of dietary sodium intake, and explore the relationship between hydration status, and dietary sodium intake and water intake. In this cross-sectional survey, 155 students in grades 4-6 from a primary school in Binyang County, Nanning, Guangxi, were recruited. Water intake from fluid was assessed using a validated 7-Day 24 h Fluid Intake Survey Questionnaire (days 1-7). Food intake was recorded and weighed using the duplicate diet method on days 5, 6, and 7. The water content in food was determined using the direct drying method, and dietary sodium intake was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Urine osmolality was measured at two time points (morning and before afternoon classes) on days 5, 6, and 7 to assess hydration status. A total of 155 participants (87 boys and 68 girls) completed the study, with a completion rate of 100%. The average dietary sodium intake, total water intake (TWI), water intake from fluid, and water intake from food were 1647 mg, 2039 mL, 956 mL, and 1175 mL, respectively. Among the participants, 19.4% exceeded the recommended sodium intake (2000 mg/day), 41.9% did not meet the adequate daily water intake from fluid, and 63.2% did not meet the adequate daily total water intake. When participants were divided into quartiles based on dietary sodium intake, significant differences were observed in water intake from fluid ( = 0.031) and food ( < 0.001). The water intake from fluid among participants in the HS1 (982 mL) and HS2 groups (997 mL) was higher than that among participants in LS2 (759 mL). Water intake from food increased progressively with increasing sodium intake (851 mL, 1075 mL, 1224 mL, and 1550 mL). Urine osmolality was associated with meeting the daily adequate water intake from fluid ( = 0.006), but not with exceeding the sodium intake standard ( = 0.787). There was no interaction between meeting the daily adequate water intake from fluid and exceeding the sodium intake standard ( = 0.413). Insufficient water intake was common among children. Children with a higher dietary sodium intake had a higher water intake from fluid and food. Urine osmolality was closely related to daily water intake from fluid, but not to sodium intake.
保持适当的水合状态对促进健康至关重要。正处于生长发育阶段的儿童，水分摄入不足和脱水的风险更高。本研究旨在比较不同膳食钠摄入量儿童的水分摄入量，并探讨水合状态与膳食钠摄入量和水分摄入量之间的关系。在这项横断面调查中，招募了广西南宁宾阳县一所小学的155名四至六年级学生。使用经过验证的7天24小时液体摄入量调查问卷（第1 - 7天）评估液体的水分摄入量。在第5、6和7天使用双份饮食法记录并称重食物摄入量。使用直接干燥法测定食物中的水分含量，使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP - OES）测量膳食钠摄入量。在第5、6和7天的两个时间点（上午和下午上课前）测量尿渗透压以评估水合状态。共有155名参与者（87名男孩和68名女孩）完成了研究，完成率为100%。平均膳食钠摄入量、总水分摄入量（TWI）、液体水分摄入量和食物水分摄入量分别为1647毫克、2039毫升、956毫升和1175毫升。在参与者中，19.4%超过了推荐的钠摄入量（2000毫克/天），41.9%未达到每日足够的液体水分摄入量，63.2%未达到每日足够的总水分摄入量。当根据膳食钠摄入量将参与者分为四分位数时，在液体（P = 0.031）和食物（P < 0.001）的水分摄入量上观察到显著差异。HS1组（982毫升）和HS2组参与者的液体水分摄入量高于LS2组（759毫升）。食物水分摄入量随着钠摄入量的增加而逐渐增加（851毫升、1075毫升、1224毫升和1550毫升）。尿渗透压与达到每日足够的液体水分摄入量相关（P = 0.006），但与超过钠摄入量标准无关（P = 0.787）。达到每日足够的液体水分摄入量和超过钠摄入量标准之间没有相互作用（P = 0.413）。儿童中水分摄入不足很常见。膳食钠摄入量较高的儿童从液体和食物中摄入的水分较多。尿渗透压与每日液体水分摄入量密切相关，但与钠摄入量无关。
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