Patel Tapan A, Zheng Hong, Patel Kaushik P
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Mar 13;14(3):336. doi: 10.3390/antiox14030336.
Redox (reduction-oxidation) imbalance is a physiological feature regulated by a well-maintained equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS), the defense system of the body (antioxidant enzymes). The redox system comprises regulated levels of ROS in the cells, tissues and the overall organ system. The levels of ROS are synchronized by gradients of electrons that are generated due to sequential reduction and oxidation of various biomolecules by various enzymes. Such redox reactions are present in each cell, irrespective of any tissue or organ. Failure in such coordinated regulation of redox reactions leads to the production of excessive ROS and free radicals. Excessively produced free radicals and oxidative stress affect various cellular and molecular processes required for cell survival and growth, leading to pathophysiological conditions and, ultimately, organ failure. Overproduction of free radicals and oxidative stress are the key factors involved in the onset and progression of pathophysiological conditions associated with various cardiovascular and renal diseases. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are glucose-lowering drugs prescribed to diabetic patients. Interestingly, apart from their glucose-lowering effect, these drugs exhibit beneficial effects in non-diabetic patients suffering from various cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases, perhaps due to their antioxidant properties. Recently, it has been demonstrated that SGLT2is exhibit strong antioxidant properties by reducing ROS and OS. Hence, in this review, we aim to present the novel antioxidant role of SGLT2is and their consequent beneficial effects in various cardiovascular and renal disease states.
氧化还原失衡是一种生理特征，由活性氧（ROS）与氧化应激（OS）（身体的防御系统，即抗氧化酶）之间维持良好的平衡来调节。氧化还原系统包括细胞、组织和整个器官系统中受调节的ROS水平。ROS的水平通过电子梯度同步，这些电子是由于各种酶对各种生物分子的顺序还原和氧化而产生的。这种氧化还原反应存在于每个细胞中，与任何组织或器官无关。氧化还原反应的这种协调调节失败会导致过量ROS和自由基的产生。过量产生的自由基和氧化应激会影响细胞存活和生长所需的各种细胞和分子过程，导致病理生理状况，并最终导致器官衰竭。自由基的过量产生和氧化应激是与各种心血管和肾脏疾病相关的病理生理状况发生和发展的关键因素。钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2抑制剂（SGLT2is）是开给糖尿病患者的降糖药物。有趣的是，除了降糖作用外，这些药物对患有各种心血管和慢性肾脏疾病的非糖尿病患者也显示出有益效果，这可能归因于它们的抗氧化特性。最近，有研究表明SGLT2is通过降低ROS和OS表现出强大的抗氧化特性。因此，在本综述中，我们旨在介绍SGLT2is的新型抗氧化作用及其在各种心血管和肾脏疾病状态下的有益效果。
