De Blas-Zapata Ana, Sastre-Albiach Jose Manuel, Baixauli-López Laura, López-Ruiz Rocío, Alvarez-Pitti Julio
Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014, Valencia, Spain.
Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC-Research Group, Fundación de Investigación, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Eur J Pediatr. 2025 Apr 14;184(5):298. doi: 10.1007/s00431-025-06102-y.
It is widely recognized that four key health behaviors-regular physical activity, maintaining a normal BMI, eating a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking-offer significant protection against cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. However, changes in the lifestyle of families have contributed to the emergence of new behaviors that may impact the health of children and adolescents. This narrative review aims to identify existing evidence on the effect of these arising habits on the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents, mainly on blood pressure and endothelial function. A thorough search was conducted across various databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Science Direct and EBSCO.
Some of the behaviors most frequently identified in the pediatrician's office are childhood stress and behavioral disorders, new forms of nicotine consumption, the impact of the use of screens and digital devices, changes in sleep patterns, and, finally, the generalization of energy drinks and supplements to promote muscle development, mainly in adolescents. The effect on cardiovascular health, mainly on blood pressure, does not seem negligible. Early identification of these unhealthy behaviors might allow the pediatrician to intervene and prevent the progression of cardiovascular disease.
• Traditional cardiovascular risks (poor diet, inactivity, smoking, obesity) contribute to hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in youth. • Western family lifestyles have shifted dramatically over two decades, altering pediatric environments.
• Emerging risks include psychosocial stressors, novel nicotine products, screen time-induced HTN, sleep deprivation, and energy drink/supplement use. • These factors correlate with blood pressure elevation, endothelial damage, and chronic inflammation, urging pediatricians to address non-traditional factors in holistic care.
人们普遍认识到，四项关键的健康行为——定期进行体育活动、保持正常体重指数（BMI）、健康饮食以及避免吸烟——能为儿童和青少年预防心血管疾病提供显著保护。然而，家庭生活方式的变化导致了一些可能影响儿童和青少年健康的新行为出现。本叙述性综述旨在确定关于这些新出现的习惯对儿童和青少年心血管健康影响的现有证据，主要关注血压和内皮功能。我们对多个数据库进行了全面检索，包括PubMed/MEDLINE、Cochrane图书馆、Science Direct和EBSCO。
在儿科诊室中最常发现的一些行为包括儿童期压力和行为障碍、新型尼古丁消费形式、屏幕和数字设备使用的影响、睡眠模式的变化，以及最后，能量饮料和补充剂在促进肌肉发育方面的普及，主要是在青少年中。对心血管健康的影响，主要是对血压的影响，似乎不可忽视。尽早识别这些不健康行为可能使儿科医生能够进行干预并预防心血管疾病的进展。
• 传统的心血管风险（不良饮食、缺乏运动、吸烟、肥胖）会导致青少年高血压和内皮功能障碍。• 在过去二十年中，西方家庭生活方式发生了巨大变化，改变了儿童的生活环境。
• 新出现的风险包括心理社会压力源、新型尼古丁产品、屏幕时间导致的高血压、睡眠不足以及能量饮料/补充剂的使用。• 这些因素与血压升高、内皮损伤和慢性炎症相关，促使儿科医生在整体护理中关注非传统因素。
