Tobolski Dawid, Krupa M, Polak Z, Pascottini O B, Opsomer G, Barański W
Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Nowoursynowska 100, Warsaw, 02-787, Poland.
School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
BMC Vet Res. 2025 Apr 14;21(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04727-7.
We investigated the impact of different classification schemes for postpartum uterine disease on genital tract involution, milk yield, and reproductive performance in dairy cows. The reproductive tracts of 223 Polish Holstein cows were examined between 21 and 29 days postpartum (median 24 days). Transrectal ultrasonography was employed to assess reproductive tract dimensions, vaginoscopy was used for visual scoring of vaginal discharge, and endometrial cytology with the cytobrush was used to calculate the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). The health status of the cows was classified using two diagnostics models. Model 1 categorized cows as healthy (H; <5% PMN and absence of purulent vaginal discharge [PVD0]), subclinical endometritis (SE; ≥5% PMN and PVD0), and further subdivided PVD into three categories: flecks of pus in vaginal discharge (PVD1), mucopurulent discharge (PVD2), or purulent discharge including red-brownish watery fetid discharge (PVD3), irrespective of endometrial PMN%. Model 2 classified cows as healthy (H; <5% PMN and PVD0), subclinical endometritis (SE; ≥5% PMN and ≤ PVD1), and clinical endometritis (CE; ≥5% PMN and > PVD1).
Cows with ≥ PVD2 (Model 1) and CE (Model 2) had larger cervical and uterine horn diameters and were less likely to resume ovarian activity by the fourth week postpartum in comparison to H and SE. For Model 1, the milk yield to 120 days postpartum was lower in PVD3 in comparison to H while for Model 2, CE produced less milk to 120 days postpartum when compared to H or SE. For both models, SE had a lower first service conception rate than H cows, but the pregnancy risk to 210 days postpartum did not differ. When compared to H, PVD2 (Model 1), and CE (Model 2) had the lowest first service conception rate and pregnancy risk to 210 days postpartum.
Model 1 provides detailed PVD severity assessment, which is valuable for potential targeted treatment and management but adding complexity due to multiple categories. Model 2 offers simpler categorization for clear management decisions but may overlook disease nuances. Though labor-intensive and less practical for routine use, these protocols are useful for population-level decision-making in dairy farm reproductive performance.
我们研究了产后子宫疾病的不同分类方案对奶牛生殖道 involution、产奶量和繁殖性能的影响。在产后21至29天（中位数24天）对223头波兰荷斯坦奶牛的生殖道进行了检查。采用经直肠超声检查来评估生殖道尺寸，阴道镜检查用于对阴道分泌物进行视觉评分，并用细胞刷进行子宫内膜细胞学检查以计算多形核细胞（PMN）的百分比。使用两种诊断模型对奶牛的健康状况进行分类。模型1将奶牛分为健康（H；PMN<5%且无脓性阴道分泌物[PVD0]）、亚临床子宫内膜炎（SE；PMN≥5%且PVD0），并将PVD进一步细分为三类：阴道分泌物中有脓性斑点（PVD1）、黏液脓性分泌物（PVD2）或脓性分泌物，包括红棕色水样恶臭分泌物（PVD3），无论子宫内膜PMN%如何。模型2将奶牛分为健康（H；PMN<5%且PVD0）、亚临床子宫内膜炎（SE；PMN≥5%且≤PVD1）和临床子宫内膜炎（CE；PMN≥5%且>PVD1）。
与H和SE相比，PVD2≥（模型1）和CE（模型2）的奶牛宫颈和子宫角直径更大，产后第四周恢复卵巢活动的可能性更小。对于模型1，与H相比，PVD3产后120天的产奶量更低，而对于模型2，与H或SE相比，CE产后120天的产奶量更少。对于这两种模型，SE的首次输精受胎率均低于H奶牛，但产后210天的妊娠风险没有差异。与H相比，PVD2（模型1）和CE（模型2）的首次输精受胎率最低，产后210天的妊娠风险也最低。
模型1提供了详细的PVD严重程度评估，这对于潜在的靶向治疗和管理很有价值，但由于类别众多而增加了复杂性。模型2提供了更简单的分类以便做出明确的管理决策，但可能会忽略疾病的细微差别。尽管这些方案劳动强度大且不太适合常规使用，但它们对于奶牛场繁殖性能的群体水平决策很有用。
