Lee Jocelyn C, Smaoui Slim, Duffill John, Marandi Ben, Varzakas Theodoros
Independent Researcher-Food Safety Consultant, San Francisco Bay Area, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
Laboratory of Microbial and Enzymatic Biotechnologies and Biomolecules, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia.
Foods. 2025 Mar 11;14(6):958. doi: 10.3390/foods14060958.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found everywhere, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This review introduces PFASs comprehensively, discussing their nature and identifying their interconnection with microplastics and their impacts on public health and the environment. The human cost of decades of delay, cover-ups, and mismanagement of PFASs and plastic waste is outlined and briefly explained. Following that, PFASs and long-term health effects are critically assessed. Risk assessment is then critically reviewed, mentioning different tools and models. Scientific research and health impacts in the United States of America are critically analyzed, taking into consideration the Center for Disease Control (CDC)'s PFAS Medical Studies and Guidelines. PFAS impact and activities studies around the world have focused on PFAS levels in food products and dietary intake in different countries such as China, European countries, USA and Australia. Moreover, PFASs in drinking water and food are outlined with regard to risks, mitigation, and regulatory needs, taking into account chemical contaminants in food and their impact on health and safety. Finally, PFAS impact and activities briefings specific to regions around the world are discussed, referring to Australia, Vietnam, Canada, Europe, the United States of America (USA), South America, and Africa. The PFAS crisis is a multifaceted issue, exacerbated by mismanagement, and it is discussed in the context of applying the following problem-solving analytical tools: the Domino Effect Model of accident causation, the Swiss Cheese Theory Model, and the Ishikawa Fish Bone Root Cause Analysis. Last but not least, PFASs' impacts on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of 2030 are rigorously discussed.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFASs）无处不在，包括食品、化妆品和药品中。本综述全面介绍了PFASs，讨论了它们的性质，确定了它们与微塑料的相互联系以及它们对公众健康和环境的影响。概述并简要解释了数十年来对PFASs和塑料垃圾的拖延、掩盖及管理不善所造成的人力成本。随后，对PFASs及其长期健康影响进行了批判性评估。接着对风险评估进行了批判性回顾，提及了不同的工具和模型。考虑到疾病控制中心（CDC）的PFAS医学研究和指南，对美国的科学研究和健康影响进行了批判性分析。世界各地关于PFAS影响和活动的研究都集中在中国、欧洲国家、美国和澳大利亚等不同国家的食品中PFAS水平和膳食摄入量上。此外，还概述了饮用水和食品中的PFASs在风险、缓解措施和监管需求方面的情况，同时考虑到食品中的化学污染物及其对健康和安全的影响。最后，讨论了世界各地区特定的PFAS影响和活动简报，涉及澳大利亚、越南、加拿大、欧洲、美国、南美洲和非洲。PFAS危机是一个多方面的问题，因管理不善而加剧，并在应用以下问题解决分析工具的背景下进行了讨论：事故因果关系的多米诺骨牌效应模型、瑞士奶酪理论模型和石川鱼骨根本原因分析。最后但同样重要的是，严格讨论了PFASs对2030年可持续发展目标（SDGs）的影响。
