Assenza Maria Rita, Gaggi Giulia, Di Credico Andrea, Ghinassi Barbara, Barbagallo Federica
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", 94100, Enna, Italy.
Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; UdA-TechLab, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
Environ Res. 2025 Jul 15;277:121612. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121612. Epub 2025 Apr 14.
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are environmental chemicals that interfere with hormone function, posing significant risks to human health, including the cardiovascular system. This review comprehensively examines the impact of EDs on cardiovascular health, with a specific focus on sex differences observed in various models. Utilizing in-vitro studies, in vivo animal models, and human clinical data, we delineate how sex-specific hormonal environments influence the cardiovascular effects of ED exposure. In vitro studies highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms that differ between male and female-derived cells. In vivo models reveal distinct physiological responses and susceptibilities to EDs, influenced by sex hormones. Human studies provide epidemiological evidence and clinical observations that underscore the variability in cardiovascular outcomes between men and women. This review underscores the necessity of considering sex as a critical factor in understanding the cardiovascular implications of ED exposure, advocating for gender-specific risk assessment and therapeutic strategies. The findings aim to enhance awareness and inform future research and policy-making to mitigate the adverse cardiovascular effects of EDs across different sexes.
内分泌干扰物（EDs）是干扰激素功能的环境化学物质，对人类健康构成重大风险，包括对心血管系统的风险。本综述全面研究了内分泌干扰物对心血管健康的影响，特别关注在各种模型中观察到的性别差异。利用体外研究、体内动物模型和人类临床数据，我们阐述了性别特异性激素环境如何影响内分泌干扰物暴露对心血管的影响。体外研究突出了雄性和雌性来源细胞之间不同的细胞和分子机制。体内模型揭示了受性激素影响的对内分泌干扰物的不同生理反应和易感性。人类研究提供了流行病学证据和临床观察结果，强调了男性和女性心血管结局的差异。本综述强调了将性别作为理解内分泌干扰物暴露对心血管影响的关键因素的必要性，倡导进行针对性别的风险评估和治疗策略。研究结果旨在提高认识，并为未来的研究和政策制定提供信息，以减轻内分泌干扰物对不同性别的不良心血管影响。
