My 50 Year Odyssey to Develop Behavioral Methods to Let Me See Quickly How Well Kittens See.

The importance of animal models to an understanding of the development and plasticity of visual functions was evident from the outset of the long experimental collaboration of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in the early 1960s. Their initial work on kittens had massive impact in part because of the recognition that kittens share with primates substantial similarities of visual system organization and plasticity (e.g., eye-specific lamination of the thalamus and columnar organization of the visual cortex), as well as comparable visual abilities (including stereoscopic vision). In addition the plasticity demonstrated in response to early periods of selected visual exposure provided a glimpse into the origins of amblyopia. Five decades ago my laboratory developed a method for the fast measurement of visual thresholds in kittens in order to capture the consequences for spatial vision of the rapid physiological changes that occurred in the visual cortex during both typical development and those that follow various forms of early selected visual exposure. This paper describes the further evolution of the method with an emphasis on the testing procedures that enable fast capture of spatial visual thresholds such as visual acuity on every animal and occasion. In these respects, the method emulated features of basic tests of human spatial vision as applied in clinical settings. As with clinical tests for humans, the method includes benchmarks of low vision necessary to document the profound immediate consequences of early selected visual deprivation and the speed and extent of the subsequent recovery.