Recent intensified riverine CO emission across the Northern Hemisphere permafrost region.

Global warming causes permafrost thawing, transferring large amounts of soil carbon into rivers, which inevitably accelerates riverine CO release. However, temporally and spatially explicit variations of riverine CO emissions remain unclear, limiting the assessment of land carbon-climate feedback. Using new and published 5685 riverine CO partial pressure data in the Arctic and Tibetan Plateau, we show that current riverine CO emission across the Northern Hemisphere permafrost zone is 200 ± 15 Tg C yr⁻. The emission offsets 28.1 ± 2.1% of the land carbon uptake in the Northern Hemisphere permafrost zone, with large regional variability of 13.1 to 63.1%. Our findings suggest that CO emissions increased at a rate of 0.42 ± 0.16 Tg C yr⁻ during 2000 to 2020, and this is primarily driven by increased precipitation and accelerated permafrost thawing under climate change. This study highlights increased riverine carbon emission and strengthening of the permafrost carbon feedback to climate after incorporating carbon release from rivers.