Monaco Martina, Torazza Carola, Fedele Ernesto, Grilli Massimo
Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 26;26(7):3015. doi: 10.3390/ijms26073015.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioural changes. While genetic predispositions and pathological processes have been the traditional focus, this review highlights the fundamental role of environmental factors, particularly nutrition, within the exposome framework in modulating the risk and progression of AD. The exposome, which includes the totality of environmental exposures in an individual's lifetime, provides a comprehensive approach to understanding the complex aetiology of AD. In this review, we explore the impact of dietary factors and cyclic nucleotide pathways (cAMP/cGMP) on AD, emphasizing the potential of dietary interventions as therapeutic strategies. We investigate key aspects of how nutrition affects the accumulation of β-amyloid, the aggregation of tau proteins, and neuroinflammation. We also examine the impact of specific nutrients on cognitive performance and the risk of AD. Additionally, we discuss the potential of nutraceuticals with anti-phosphodiesterase activity and the role of various animal models of AD (such as 5xFAD, 3xTg-AD, Tg2576, and APP/PS1 mice) in demonstrating the effects of dietary interventions on disease onset and progression.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，其特征为认知能力下降、记忆力丧失和行为改变。虽然遗传易感性和病理过程一直是传统的研究重点，但本综述强调了环境因素，尤其是营养，在暴露组框架内对调节AD风险和进展的重要作用。暴露组包括个体一生中所有的环境暴露，为理解AD复杂的病因提供了一种全面的方法。在本综述中，我们探讨了饮食因素和环核苷酸途径（cAMP/cGMP）对AD的影响，强调了饮食干预作为治疗策略的潜力。我们研究了营养如何影响β-淀粉样蛋白的积累、tau蛋白的聚集和神经炎症的关键方面。我们还研究了特定营养素对认知能力和AD风险的影响。此外，我们讨论了具有抗磷酸二酯酶活性的营养保健品的潜力，以及各种AD动物模型（如5xFAD、3xTg-AD、Tg2576和APP/PS1小鼠）在证明饮食干预对疾病发生和进展的影响方面的作用。
