Zhang Xuekai, Xiao Jin, Jiang Min, Phillips Clive J C, Shi Binlin
College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 31;26(7):3233. doi: 10.3390/ijms26073233.
Cold exposure is a regulatory biological functions in animals. The interaction of thermogenesis and energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important for metabolic regulation in cold stress. Brown adipocytes (BAs) produce uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mitochondria, activating non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) by uncoupling fuel combustion from ATP production in response to cold stimuli. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying thermogenesis and energy metabolism in BAT under cold stress, we explored how cold exposure triggers the activation of BAT thermogenesis and regulates overall energy metabolism. First, we briefly outline the precursor composition and function of BA. Second, we explore the roles of the cAMP- protein kinase A (PKA) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways in thermogenesis and energy metabolism in BA during cold stress. Then, we analyze the mechanism by which BA regulates mitochondria homeostasis and energy balance during cold stress. This research reveals potential therapeutic targets, such as PKA, AMPK, UCP1 and PGC-1α, which can be used to develop innovative strategies for treating metabolic diseases. Furthermore, it provides theoretical support for optimizing cold stress response strategies, including the pharmacological activation of BAT and the genetic modulation of thermogenic pathways, to improve energy homeostasis in livestock.
冷暴露是动物体内一种调节生物功能的过程。棕色脂肪组织（BAT）中热生成与能量代谢的相互作用对于冷应激下的代谢调节至关重要。棕色脂肪细胞（BAs）在线粒体中产生解偶联蛋白1（UCP1），通过在冷刺激下使燃料燃烧与ATP生成解偶联来激活非颤抖性产热（NST）。为了阐明冷应激下BAT中热生成和能量代谢的潜在机制，我们探究了冷暴露如何触发BAT热生成的激活并调节整体能量代谢。首先，我们简要概述了BAs的前体组成和功能。其次，我们探讨了环磷酸腺苷 - 蛋白激酶A（PKA）和腺苷单磷酸激活的蛋白激酶（AMPK）信号通路在冷应激期间BAs的热生成和能量代谢中的作用。然后，我们分析了冷应激期间BAs调节线粒体稳态和能量平衡的机制。这项研究揭示了潜在的治疗靶点，如PKA、AMPK、UCP1和PGC - 1α，可用于开发治疗代谢疾病的创新策略。此外，它为优化冷应激反应策略提供了理论支持，包括BAT的药理学激活和产热途径的基因调控，以改善家畜的能量稳态。
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