Gong Bin, Yu Xiang, Zhang Yongjun, Bao Chunyan, Tang Chun'an
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH UK.
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China.
Nat Hazards (Dordr). 2025;121(5):5669-5695. doi: 10.1007/s11069-024-06980-9. Epub 2024 Nov 20.
A quarry landfill slope is commonly partially or entirely filled with quarry waste. On the surface, a substantial amount of rough stone waste accumulates. This study specifically investigated the hazards posed by individual rockfalls and cluster rockfalls induced by landslides in such slopes, using an engineering slope as an illustrative example. The discontinuous deformation and displacement analysis method was employed to analyze the individual and cluster rockfall motion characteristics, as well as the dynamic response of protection structures. The results indicate that: (1) The impact of individual falling rocks on structures results in deformation and damage that far surpasses that caused by a flat plane impact. Interestingly, the stress generated upon rockfall contact with the structure is not initially at its maximum; it gradually increases to a peak as deformation occurs. When the structure is damaged or rebounds, the impact stress significantly diminishes. For wedge-shaped falling rocks impacting the upper part of the structure, bending tilting failure tends to occur. Conversely, irregular blocks with larger volumes impacting the lower part of the structure often lead to direct toppling failure; (2) Clusters falling rocks impede the movement of the sliding body. As the front and rear sliding bodies fracture along the middle, the rear sliding body tilts. Consequently, accumulated blocks are struck by the sliding body, initiating oblique throwing movements. There is a high likelihood of these rocks crossing protective structures; (3) The protection rate of the protective structure against single block stone impact stands at 86.7%. However, when subjected to the impact of a group of rockfalls, the protective structure completely fails. Overall, although the current protective measures are relatively cost-effective, the extremely high probability of casualties makes them unacceptable.
采石场填埋边坡通常部分或全部填满了采石场废料。在其表面，堆积着大量粗糙的石质废料。本研究以一个工程边坡为例，具体调查了此类边坡中滑坡引发的单个落石和群发性落石所带来的危害。采用非连续变形与位移分析方法，分析单个和群发性落石的运动特征以及防护结构的动力响应。结果表明：（1）单个落石对结构的冲击所导致的变形和破坏远远超过平面冲击所造成的。有趣的是，落石与结构接触时产生的应力最初并非最大；随着变形的发生，应力逐渐增大至峰值。当结构受损或反弹时，冲击应力会显著减小。对于楔形落石撞击结构上部的情况，往往会发生弯曲倾斜破坏。相反，体积较大的不规则块体撞击结构下部时，常常导致直接倾覆破坏；（2）群发性落石阻碍滑动体的移动。随着前后滑动体沿中部断裂，后滑动体发生倾斜。结果，堆积的石块受到滑动体撞击，引发斜向抛掷运动。这些石块很有可能越过防护结构；（3）防护结构对单个块体石料冲击的防护率为86.7%。然而，当受到一群落石的冲击时，防护结构会完全失效。总体而言，尽管目前的防护措施相对具有成本效益，但极高的人员伤亡概率使其难以接受。
