Cournoyer Jay E, De Bidhan C, Mehta Angad P
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2025 Aug;87:102598. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2025.102598. Epub 2025 Apr 18.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved through the transformation of bacterial endosymbionts established within the host cells. Studies on these organelles have provided several phylogenetic and biochemical insights related to this remarkable evolutionary transformation. Additionally, comparative studies between naturally existing endosymbionts and present-day organelles have allowed us to identify important common features of endosymbiotic evolution. In this review, we discuss hallmarks of photosynthetic endosymbiotic systems, particularly focusing on some of the fascinating molecular changes that occur in the endosymbiont and the host as the endosymbiont/host chimera evolves and transforms endosymbionts into organelles; these include the following: (i) endosymbiont genome minimization and host/endosymbiont gene transfer, (ii) protein import/export systems, (iii) metabolic crosstalk between the endosymbiont, (iv) alterations to the endosymbiont peptidoglycan, and (v) host-controlled replication of endosymbionts/organelles. We discuss these hallmarks in the context of naturally existing photosynthetic endosymbiotic systems and present-day chloroplasts. Further, we also briefly discuss laboratory efforts to engineer endosymbiosis between photosynthetic bacteria and host cells, the lessons learned from these studies, future directions of these studies, and their implications on evolutionary biology and synthetic biology.
线粒体和叶绿体是通过宿主细胞内建立的细菌内共生体的转化而进化的。对这些细胞器的研究提供了一些与这一显著进化转变相关的系统发育和生化见解。此外，对天然存在的内共生体与现代细胞器之间的比较研究，使我们能够确定内共生进化的重要共同特征。在这篇综述中，我们讨论光合内共生系统的标志，特别关注随着内共生体/宿主嵌合体的进化以及内共生体转变为细胞器，在内共生体和宿主中发生的一些引人入胜的分子变化；这些变化包括：（i）内共生体基因组最小化和宿主/内共生体基因转移，（ii）蛋白质输入/输出系统，（iii）内共生体之间的代谢串扰，（iv）内共生体肽聚糖的改变，以及（v）宿主控制的内共生体/细胞器复制。我们在天然存在的光合内共生系统和现代叶绿体的背景下讨论这些标志。此外，我们还简要讨论了在光合细菌与宿主细胞之间构建内共生关系的实验室研究工作、从这些研究中吸取的经验教训、这些研究的未来方向，以及它们对进化生物学和合成生物学的影响。
