van Duijkeren Engeline, Brouwer Mike S M, Wullings Bart, Rapallini Michel, Wit Ben, Cuperus Tryntsje, Hengeveld Paul D, Witteveen Sandra, Hendrickx Antoni P A, Dierikx Cindy M, Veldman Kees T
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2025 Jun;43:79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2025.04.007. Epub 2025 Apr 19.
The objective of this collaborative surveillance project was to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among livestock farms, persons working/living on these farms, and on meat.
Samples from Dutch broiler, pig, veal calf, dairy cattle, and sheep farms, persons living/working on these farms and retail meat collected between 2018 and 2023 were cultured using (pre-) enrichment and selective plates. Next-generation sequencing of a subset of MRSA was performed to detect mecA/mecC, Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and to assign genogroups (GGs).
On 113 of 149 (75.8%) pig farms, MRSA was present. The prevalence was lower among veal calf (44/173; 25.4%), and dairy (11/181; 6.1%), sheep (7/156; 4.5%), and broiler farms (0/195; 0%). Among 375 persons working/living on the farms, we identified 17 (4.5%) nasal MRSA carriers and all were farmers. All but two isolates from the farms belonged to GG0398 (= CC398). In total, 4529 Dutch retail meat samples were analysed and 412 (9.1%) were MRSA-positive. Poultry meat was most often contaminated. Most meat isolates (97/148; 65.5%) belonged to GG0398. All but one isolate carried mecA, and all were PVL-negative.
Despite the reduction of antimicrobial use by > 70% in veterinary medicine since 2009, most pig farms are still MRSA positive. Farmers have a higher risk of being a nasal MRSA carrier than persons in the general population. Meat is regularly contaminated with MRSA, but this is considered a limited risk for consumers. Almost all the MRSA belonged to GG0398 confirming the continuous predominance of this type of MRSA in livestock and on meat.
本合作监测项目的目的是调查耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）在畜牧场、在这些农场工作/生活的人员以及肉类中的流行情况。
对2018年至2023年间从荷兰肉鸡场、猪场、犊牛场、奶牛场和绵羊场、在这些农场生活/工作的人员以及零售肉类采集的样本，使用（预）增菌和选择性平板进行培养。对一部分MRSA进行二代测序，以检测mecA/mecC、杀白细胞素（PVL）并确定基因群（GGs）。
149个猪场中有113个（75.8%）存在MRSA。犊牛场（44/173；25.4%）、奶牛场（11/181；6.1%）、绵羊场（7/156；4.5%）和肉鸡场（0/195；0%）的流行率较低。在375名在农场工作/生活的人员中，我们确定了17名（4.5%）鼻腔MRSA携带者，且均为农民。除两株外，农场分离出的所有菌株均属于GG0398（=CC398）。总共分析了4529份荷兰零售肉类样本，其中412份（9.1%）MRSA呈阳性。禽肉污染最为常见。大多数肉类分离株（97/148；65.5%）属于GG0398。除一株外，所有分离株均携带mecA，且均为PVL阴性。
尽管自2009年以来兽用抗菌药物使用量减少了70%以上，但大多数猪场仍然MRSA呈阳性。农民作为鼻腔MRSA携带者的风险高于普通人群。肉类经常被MRSA污染，但这对消费者来说风险有限。几乎所有的MRSA都属于GG0398，证实了这种类型的MRSA在牲畜和肉类中持续占主导地位。
