Agbeti Wisdom E K, Palstra Arjan P, Black Suzy, Magnoni Leonardo, Lankheet Martin, Komen Hans
Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Plant and Food Research, Nelson, New Zealand.
Front Physiol. 2025 Apr 7;16:1562665. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1562665. eCollection 2025.
This study investigated the heart rate (HR) and acceleration (AC) dynamics of Atlantic salmon () during a swim fitness test in a swim tunnel. Experimental fish were implanted with data loggers equipped with HR and AC sensors. These fish, and controls that were not implanted, were subjected to a swim-fitness test at incremental speeds from 0.2 to 1.0 m.s. Oxygen consumption (MO) and locomotory behavior were monitored. Subsequently, these fish were subjected to a stress challenge test to further study the link between induced stress and HR and AC. When swimming from 0.2 to 1.0 m.s, the HR of implanted fish (N = 19) was high in the swim tunnels but remained stable between 82 and 84 beats per minute (bpm), despite significant increases in MO, AC, tail beat frequency (TBF), and head width frequency (HWF). The stable HR observed was also reflected by HR explaining only ∼15% of the variation in MO. MO of implanted fish increased from 238 to 343 mg.kg.h when swimming from 0.4 to 1.0 m.s. With increasing swimming speeds, AC values of implanted fish increased from 16 to 27 milli-g and explained ∼40% of the variation in MO. TBF increased linearly with swimming speed, and from 0.4 m.s onward, it correlated strongly with MO, similarly for HWF. Under controlled stress conditions, the HR values of fish were significantly higher than baseline conditions but similar during stress regardless of intensity. Also, AC showed similar stress peak patterns as HR. From these results, we conclude that the increased oxygen demand when swimming at increasing speeds is not met by increasing HR alone in Atlantic salmon. This supports the hypothesis that stroke volume plays an important role in boosting cardiac output. AC, in contrast to HR, showed a strong positive correlation with MO during swim-fitness tests and may serve as a reliable predictor of energy expenditure. TBF and HWF may also be useful predictors, but HR is not in Atlantic salmon. HR did show positive responses to induced stress but, similar to swimming, up to maximum values under 90 bpm.
本研究调查了大西洋鲑鱼（）在游泳隧道中进行游泳适应性测试期间的心率（HR）和加速度（AC）动态变化。实验鱼被植入配备有HR和AC传感器的数据记录器。这些鱼以及未植入数据记录器的对照鱼，以0.2至1.0米/秒的递增速度进行游泳适应性测试。监测了氧气消耗（MO）和运动行为。随后，对这些鱼进行应激挑战测试，以进一步研究诱导应激与HR和AC之间的联系。当以0.2至1.0米/秒的速度游泳时，植入数据记录器的鱼（N = 19）在游泳隧道中的HR较高，但尽管MO、AC、尾鳍摆动频率（TBF）和头部宽度频率（HWF）显著增加，其心率仍稳定在每分钟82至84次搏动（bpm）之间。观察到的稳定HR也体现在HR仅解释了MO变化的约15%。当从0.4至1.0米/秒游泳时，植入数据记录器的鱼的MO从238增加到343毫克·千克·小时。随着游泳速度的增加，植入数据记录器的鱼的AC值从16增加到27毫伽，并解释了MO变化的约40%。TBF随游泳速度线性增加，从0.4米/秒起，它与MO密切相关，HWF情况类似。在受控应激条件下，鱼的HR值显著高于基线条件，但在应激期间，无论强度如何，HR值相似。此外，AC显示出与HR相似的应激峰值模式。从这些结果中，我们得出结论，在大西洋鲑鱼中，随着游泳速度增加而增加的氧气需求并非仅通过增加HR来满足。这支持了搏出量在提高心输出量中起重要作用的假设。与HR相反，AC在游泳适应性测试期间与MO呈现出强烈的正相关，并且可能作为能量消耗的可靠预测指标。TBF和HWF也可能是有用的预测指标，但在大西洋鲑鱼中HR不是。HR确实对诱导应激表现出积极反应，但与游泳时类似，最高值在90 bpm以下。
