Reynoso-Sánchez Luis Felipe, Molgado-Sifuentes Amairani, Muñoz-Helú Hussein, López-Walle Jeanette M, Soto-García Diego
Research Centre for Physical Culture Sciences and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Culiacán 80014, Mexico.
Department of Economic-Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Occident, Los Mochis 81217, Mexico.
Sports (Basel). 2025 Apr 7;13(4):108. doi: 10.3390/sports13040108.
This study systematically reviewed the effectiveness of cognitive, affective, and combined approaches in doping prevention, considering the impact of athletes' active versus passive participation. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICOS framework, a literature search identified ten studies involving 3581 athletes (1094 women, 2487 men). Ten studies were included as a sample in the meta-analysis and meta-regression, which were used in the effect size calculation. This meta-analysis shows that anti-doping education programs effectively improve short-term doping intentions (ES = 0.29, < 0.001) and anti-doping behaviors (ES = -0.27, < 0.001), although there is a decline in the long-term effects (ES = -0.13, = 0.009). Moral behaviors were unaffected (ES = 0.01, < 0.001), suggesting that changing deeper values requires alternative approaches like mentorship. Passive participation negatively impacted doping intentions (ES = -0.40, = 0.004) and behaviors (ES = -0.40, = 0.022), highlighting the need for active engagement. Pre-experimental designs showed a negative effect on behaviors (ES = -0.74, = 0.023), emphasizing the importance of rigorous methodologies. While anti-doping education programs effectively influence short-term attitudes and intentions, sustaining behavioral change requires continuous reinforcement and active engagement. The decline in the long-term effects suggests that standalone interventions are insufficient to instill lasting anti-doping behaviors in athletes.
本研究系统回顾了认知、情感及综合方法在防止使用兴奋剂方面的有效性，同时考虑了运动员主动参与与被动参与的影响。遵循PRISMA 2020指南和PICOS框架，通过文献检索确定了10项研究，涉及3581名运动员（1094名女性，2487名男性）。10项研究被纳入荟萃分析和荟萃回归样本，用于效应量计算。该荟萃分析表明，反兴奋剂教育项目能有效改善短期使用兴奋剂意图（效应量=0.29，<0.001）和反兴奋剂行为（效应量=-0.27，<0.001），尽管长期效果有所下降（效应量=-0.13，=0.009）。道德行为未受影响（效应量=0.01，<0.001），这表明改变更深层次的价值观需要诸如指导等替代方法。被动参与对使用兴奋剂意图（效应量=-0.40，=0.004）和行为（效应量=-0.40，=0.022）产生负面影响，凸显了积极参与的必要性。实验前设计对行为显示出负面影响（效应量=-0.74，=0.023），强调了严谨方法的重要性。虽然反兴奋剂教育项目能有效影响短期态度和意图，但维持行为改变需要持续强化和积极参与。长期效果的下降表明，单一干预不足以在运动员中灌输持久的反兴奋剂行为。
