Balla Jozef, Rathore Abhay P S, St John Ashley L
Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
Immunol Rev. 2025 May;331(1):e70029. doi: 10.1111/imr.70029.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is the most recently discovered and evolved mammalian antibody type, best known for interacting with mast cells (MCs) as immune effectors. IgE-mediated antigen sensing by MC provides protection from parasites, venomous animals, bacteria, and other insults to barrier tissues exposed to the environment. IgE and MCs act as inflammation amplifiers and immune response adjuvants. Thus, IgE production and memory formation are greatly constrained and require specific licensing. Failure of regulation gives rise to allergic disease, one of the top causes of chronic illness. Increasing evidence suggests allergy development often starts early in life, including prenatally, with maternal influence being central in shaping the offspring's immune system. Although IgE often exists before birth, an endogenous source of IgE-producing B cells has not been identified. This review discusses the mechanisms of maternal IgE transfer into the offspring, its interactions with offspring MCs and antigen-presenting cells, and the consequences for allergic inflammation and allergen sensitization development. We discuss the multifaceted effects of pre-existing IgG, IgE, and their glycosylation on maternal IgE transfer and functionality in the progeny. Understanding the IgE-mediated mechanisms predisposing for early life allergy development may allow their targeting with existing therapeutics and guide the development of new ones.
免疫球蛋白E（IgE）是最近发现并进化的哺乳动物抗体类型，最为人所知的是它作为免疫效应器与肥大细胞（MC）相互作用。MC通过IgE介导的抗原感应为抵御寄生虫、有毒动物、细菌以及对暴露于环境中的屏障组织的其他侵害提供保护。IgE和MC充当炎症放大器和免疫反应佐剂。因此，IgE的产生和记忆形成受到极大限制，需要特定的许可。调节失败会引发过敏性疾病，这是慢性病的主要病因之一。越来越多的证据表明，过敏的发展通常在生命早期开始，包括产前，母亲的影响在塑造后代免疫系统中起着核心作用。尽管IgE在出生前就常常存在，但产生IgE的B细胞的内源性来源尚未确定。本综述讨论了母体IgE转移到后代体内的机制、其与后代MC和抗原呈递细胞的相互作用，以及对过敏性炎症和过敏原致敏发展的影响。我们讨论了预先存在的IgG、IgE及其糖基化对母体IgE转移及其在后代中的功能的多方面影响。了解导致生命早期过敏发展的IgE介导机制，可能有助于利用现有疗法对其进行靶向治疗，并指导新疗法的开发。
