Anti-Inflammatory Effects of SDS2.1 Against -Induced Mammary Gland Inflammation.

Dairy cows are highly susceptible to mastitis caused by , and treating these infections poses a challenge due to the resistance of the bacterium to common antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of SDS2.1 and investigate its protective effects against -induced mastitis. The safety of SDS2.1 was assessed through comprehensive analyses, including antibiotic resistance profiling, hemolysis assays, cell cytotoxicity tests, and whole-genome sequencing. Furthermore, its ability to protect against cellular and tissue damage caused by -induced mastitis was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results revealed that SDS2.1 was non-hemolytic, non-cytotoxic, and significantly inhibited the growth of ( < 0.05). Additionally, SDS2.1 effectively reduced the adhesion and invasion of . In the -induced mouse mastitis model, SDS2.1 significantly reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mammary tissue damage, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) ( < 0.05). In -infected bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs), SDS2.1 significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, indicating reduced cellular damage. These findings demonstrate that SDS2.1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in experimental models, suggesting its potential role in mitigating -induced mastitis.