Recommendations on How to Use Flight Initiation Distance Data in Birds.

Birds and other wildlife are negatively affected by many anthropogenic activities, including human recreational activities, which are often not considered in area planning. Here, I present factors affecting the flight initiation distance (FID)-the distance to an approaching human at which birds flee-for 1075 different flocks of waterbirds. The FID varied greatly between groups of birds and species. For some bird groups and species, the FID was longer in rural areas than in urban areas and increased with flock size and with disturbance from canoeing. In addition to the differences in FID between species and groups of species, there are two important conclusions from this study: (1) a graphical relationship between the proportion of birds that flee at different distances from an approaching person gives more information than mean or median FID values and should be used by nature managers, and (2) the FID should be investigated in each area before mitigating actions or new constructions are decided, considering all the factors affecting it. A global database with a mixture of FID values from a huge number of areas is valuable for some purposes but can be misleading for individuals in a specific area.