New Advances in the Development and Design of Vaccines: Construction and Validation of Multi-Epitope Vaccines for Tuberculosis Prevention.

(Mtb) vaccines are designed to prevent infection, prevent reactivation of latent infection, and/or provide adjuvant therapy to standard TB treatment for active Mtb. Emerging vaccine technologies include reverse vaccinology, DNA and RNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, and multi-epitope vaccines. Currently, many different types of vaccine candidates are in clinical trials, though, to date, BCG remains the only approved Mtb vaccine. Mtb has a complex genome with numerous antigens, but not all are equally effective in eliciting immunity, so a critical challenge is the selection of antigens and epitopes that are most likely to induce a long-term, broad-spectrum protective immune response. Multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs) represent a new event horizon in vaccine development. Bioinformatic computer modeling is being used to maximize efficacy and minimalize adverse effects. Although no multi-epitope vaccines have proceeded to in vivo clinical trials, three candidate MEVs have made it through in silico tests. Multi-epitope vaccine candidate PP13138R, containing 13 HTL epitopes, 13 CTL epitopes, and 8 B cell epitopes in addition to both TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, aims to elicit a broad immune response that could address both active and latent Mtb infection. Similarly, immunoinformatic data were used to design and validate another MEV candidate based on the biomarker PE_PGRS17 with four B cell, nine HTL, and six CTL linked epitopes, with a griselimycin sequence as the adjuvant. A third novel prophylactic and therapeutic MEV was developed that targets Ag85A, AG85B, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 proteins with 12 CTL, 25 HTL, and 21 LBL epitopes with a CpG adjuvant.