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确定关键参数,以可靠评估受喷雾应用应激相关因素影响的昆虫病原线虫活力。

Identifying key parameters for reliable assessment of entomopathogenic nematodes viability as affected by spray application stress-related factors.

作者信息

Beltrán-Martí Roberto, Resecco Marco, Gonella Elena, Prieto Sofía Victoria, Pittarello Marco, Garcerá Cruz, Chueca Patricia, Alma Alberto, Gioelli Fabrizio, Grella Marco

机构信息

Centro de Agroingeniería, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain.

Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Turin (UNITO), Grugliasco, Italy.

出版信息

Pest Manag Sci. 2025 Aug;81(8):4799-4809. doi: 10.1002/ps.8847. Epub 2025 Apr 26.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Conventional pesticide application equipment (PAE) is used to apply entomopathogenic nematode (EPN)-based bioinsecticides, but their closed hydraulic systems could raise the temperature of the spray mixture up to 40 °C, potentially harming EPN, since temperatures above 30 °C can immobilize nematodes, reducing their infective capacity. This study aimed to identify the most suitable method to evaluate EPN viability under the effects of PAE technology.

RESULTS

Three EPN species-Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae, and Steinernema carpocapsae-were exposed to thermal stress (10, 20, 30, and 40 °C for 270 min) to simulate spray application conditions. Three viability evaluation methods were compared: prodding stimulation, NaCl chemical stimulation, and no stimulation. Viability was measured by two parameters depending on the assessment method: % actively EPN moving (activity), or % total live EPN, both actively moving and immobile (survival). Additionally, a novel parameter estimating non-lethal stress (Δ) was defined by measuring the live but inactive EPNs. NaCl stimulation was optimized comparing different concentrations and durations and then set at 0.1 g mL for 1 min. Temperature significantly affected EPN viability over time. Temperatures around 20 °C preserved optimal conditions, and above 30 °C negatively affected EPN viability, with mortality close to 80% within 90 min at 40 °C. Prodding (measuring survival) yielded higher viability compared to NaCl and no stimulation, which measured activity. Non-lethal stress parameter increased accordingly to stress increment showing potential as EPN stress-marker.

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that combined measurement of survival, activity and non-lethal stress should be considered in EPN viability assessments when designing PAE to ensure high efficacy of biocontrol agents. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

摘要

背景

传统农药施用设备(PAE)用于施用基于昆虫病原线虫(EPN)的生物杀虫剂,但其封闭的液压系统可能会使喷雾混合物的温度升高至40°C,这可能会对EPN造成伤害,因为温度高于30°C会使线虫失去活动能力,降低其感染能力。本研究旨在确定在PAE技术影响下评估EPN活力的最合适方法。

结果

将三种EPN物种——嗜菌异小杆线虫、斯氏线虫和苹果蠹蛾斯氏线虫暴露于热应激(10、20、30和40°C,持续270分钟)以模拟喷雾施用条件。比较了三种活力评估方法:针刺刺激、NaCl化学刺激和无刺激。根据评估方法,通过两个参数测量活力:活跃移动的EPN的百分比(活性),或活跃移动和不移动的活EPN的总百分比(存活率)。此外,通过测量活但不活跃的EPN定义了一个估计非致死应激的新参数(Δ)。通过比较不同浓度和持续时间对NaCl刺激进行了优化,然后设定为0.1 g/mL,持续1分钟。随着时间的推移,温度显著影响EPN活力。20°C左右的温度保持了最佳条件,30°C以上对EPN活力有负面影响,在40°C下90分钟内死亡率接近80%。与测量活性的NaCl刺激和无刺激相比,针刺刺激(测量存活率)产生的活力更高。非致死应激参数随应激增加而相应增加,显示出作为EPN应激标志物的潜力。

结论

该研究得出结论,在设计PAE时,EPN活力评估应考虑结合测量存活率、活性和非致死应激,以确保生物防治剂的高效性。© 2025作者。由John Wiley & Sons Ltd代表化学工业协会出版的《害虫管理科学》。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f61e/12268797/d3e7989f52a4/PS-81-4799-g005.jpg

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