Cuproptosis and its potential role in musculoskeletal disease.

Cuproptosis, a recently identified form of copper-dependent cell death, arises from intracellular copper dyshomeostasis. As an essential trace element, copper plays a critical role in bioenergetic metabolism, redox regulation, and synaptic transmission. However, excessive copper exerts cytotoxic effects through multiple pathways, including increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptotic cascade activation, necrotic membrane rupture, inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Distinct from other cell death mechanisms, cuproptosis is characterized by copper ion binding to acetylated mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins, leading to pathogenic protein aggregation, iron-sulfur cluster depletion, and cellular collapse. Emerging evidence underscores aberrant copper accumulation and resultant proteotoxic stress as pivotal contributors to the pathogenesis of multiple musculoskeletal pathologies, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, osteosarcoma, intervertebral disc degeneration, spinal cord injury, and biofilm-associated orthopedic infections. Understanding the spatiotemporal regulation of cuproptosis may provide novel opportunities for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in orthopedic medicine. This review synthesizes current insights into the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, its pathogenic role in musculoskeletal diseases, and the potential for biomarker-driven therapeutic interventions.