Zeller Michael A, Carnevale de Almeida Moraes Daniel, Ciacci Zanella Giovana, Souza Carine K, Anderson Tavis K, Baker Amy L, Gauger Phillip C
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1134, USA.
Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
Npj Viruses. 2024 Aug 13;2(1):27. doi: 10.1038/s44298-024-00042-4.
The Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory detected nineteen human-to-swine reverse zoonoses of the 2022-2023 human seasonal H3N2 between November 2022 and November 2023. Cases from seven U.S. locations were detected: 3 Colorado, 1 Illinois, 1 Indiana, 2 Missouri, 7 North Carolina, 1 Ohio, and 1 Pennsylvania. One additional case was detected in Mexico and two cases were identified from Chile. Case samples were comprised of 4 nasal swabs and 15 oral fluids. Virus was successfully isolated from two of four nasal swab samples, but isolation from oral fluids was unsuccessful. The swine detections of H3 human viruses were classified to one of two human-seasonal H3 clades, 3C.2a1b.2a.2b and 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1. Phylogenetic inference indicated at minimum 7 reverse zoonotic events occurred, with possible swine-to-swine transmission following the initial spillover. Twelve neuraminidase genes were sequenced, and nine were classified as human-seasonal H3N2 lineage: the remaining were endemic swine IAV NA genes from the N2.2002B, N2.1998, or the N1.Classical lineage, suggesting reassortment. The two viral isolates obtained from nasal swab samples were sequenced and were entirely human-lineage viruses. Seven swine samples with human seasonal H3 were sequenced and revealed co-detections with H1 1A.3.3.3 (gamma), with internal gene segments from both the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) and pandemic 2009 lineages. Serologic investigation of samples from swine production systems provided evidence for infection with human seasonal H3N2. One farm in the United States and four farms in Mexico had concurrent virologic evidence. The swine-isolated 3C.2a1b.2a.2b H3N2 was antigenically distinct from endemic 1990.4.A, 2010.1, and 2010.2 swine H3N2 lineages, but retained antigenic similarity to a recent human seasonal H3N2 (A/Darwin/6/2021). Pigs experimentally inoculated with a representative isolate demonstrated replication in the nose and lungs and minimal to mild macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions, but primary pigs did not transmit the virus to indirect contacts. If sustained in the pig population, this human seasonal H3 would represent the first new lineage detected in pigs the 2020 decade and present an emerging threat to swine health and production.
爱荷华州立大学兽医诊断实验室在2022年11月至2023年11月期间检测到19起2022 - 2023年人类季节性H3N2病毒从人到猪的反向人畜共患病病例。这些病例来自美国的7个地点:科罗拉多州3例、伊利诺伊州1例、印第安纳州1例、密苏里州2例、北卡罗来纳州7例、俄亥俄州1例和宾夕法尼亚州1例。在墨西哥又检测到1例,在智利鉴定出2例。病例样本包括4份鼻拭子和15份口腔液。在4份鼻拭子样本中的2份成功分离出病毒,但从口腔液中未成功分离。猪群中检测到的H3人类病毒被归类为两种人类季节性H3分支之一,即3C.2a1b.2a.2b和3C.2a1b.2a.2a.1。系统发育推断表明至少发生了7次反向人畜共患病事件,在最初的溢出事件后可能存在猪与猪之间的传播。对12个神经氨酸酶基因进行了测序,其中9个被归类为人类季节性H3N2谱系:其余的是来自N2.2002B、N2.1998或N1经典谱系的地方性猪IAV NA基因,提示发生了重配。从鼻拭子样本中获得的两个病毒分离株进行了测序,均为完全的人类谱系病毒。对7份携带人类季节性H3的猪样本进行了测序,发现与H1 1A.3.3.3(γ)共同检测到,其内部基因片段来自三重重配内部基因(TRIG)和2009年大流行谱系。对来自养猪生产系统的样本进行的血清学调查为猪感染人类季节性H3N2提供了证据。美国的一个农场和墨西哥的四个农场有同时的病毒学证据。猪分离出的3C.2a1b.2a.2b H3N2在抗原性上与地方性的1990.4.A、2010.1和2010.2猪H3N2谱系不同,但与最近的人类季节性H3N2(A/达尔文/6/2021)保持抗原相似性。用代表性分离株对猪进行实验性接种后,病毒在鼻腔和肺部复制,肺部出现轻微至中度的宏观和微观病变,但初生猪未将病毒传播给间接接触的猪。如果这种人类季节性H3在猪群中持续存在,将代表2020年代在猪中检测到的首个新谱系,并对猪的健康和生产构成新出现的威胁。