Shi Hao Tian, Wu Rui Yuan, Bao Lei, Cui Tie Jun
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
Small. 2025 Jun;21(24):e2501218. doi: 10.1002/smll.202501218. Epub 2025 Apr 30.
Recently, there is a significant surge in the research and development of metasurfaces capable of controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves across full spatial space, and hence garner considerable attention. Numerous metasurfaces with diverse functions are meticulously designed and investigated in various studies. However, in such studies, the transmitted and reflected spaces are segregated by frequency or polarization, and some of them fail to achieve real-time control. To break the limitations, here, this study proposes a novel full-space programmable metasurface that can control the reflected and transmitted EM waves dynamically in the same polarization and frequency band. By designing a special reflection-transmission-type meta-atom loaded with five PIN diodes and switching the operational states of these diodes, it achieves independently adjustable reflected and transmitted phases. The transmissive and reflective pattern of the proposed metasurface can be controlled by field programmable gate array (FPGA). To demonstrate the robust EM manipulating capacities of the proposed full-space programmable metasurface, some essential functions are presented, such as beamforming and beam focusing, by fabricating a prototype with 16×8 meta-atoms. The proposed metasurface suggests wide-ranging potential in sensing and wireless communications.
最近，能够在整个空间控制电磁波的超表面的研发有了显著增长，因此受到了广泛关注。在各种研究中，人们精心设计并研究了许多具有不同功能的超表面。然而，在这些研究中，透射空间和反射空间按频率或极化进行了分离，其中一些无法实现实时控制。为了突破这些限制，本研究提出了一种新型的全空间可编程超表面，它可以在相同的极化和频带内动态控制反射和透射的电磁波。通过设计一种加载有五个PIN二极管的特殊反射 - 透射型元原子，并切换这些二极管的工作状态，它实现了反射和透射相位的独立可调。所提出的超表面的透射和反射图案可以由现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）控制。为了证明所提出的全空间可编程超表面强大的电磁操纵能力，通过制作一个具有16×8个元原子的原型，展示了一些基本功能，如波束形成和波束聚焦。所提出的超表面在传感和无线通信方面具有广泛的潜力。
