Elymany Mahmoud M, Mohamed Ahmed A S, Shaier Ahmed A, Enany Mohamed A, Metwally Hamid, Selem Sameh I
Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
Eaton Research Labs, Eaton Corporate, Golden, CO, USA.
Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 30;15(1):15193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-97881-9.
This study aims to assess the safety aspect of future inductive charging stations by investigating the electromagnetic fields performance of various pad architectures. Following the recommendations of the standard {Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE J2954)}, which suggests two common pad kinds for the inductive power transfer (IPT) system (circular pad (CP) and double-D pad (DDP). The safety analysis is performed on the car side using these two types of pad architectures, with ground clearance compliant with Z3-class requirements and a power transfer of 11.1 kVA. In one scenario, a DD pad serves as the universal ground side pad (transmitter), while in the other scenario, a Circular pad is utilized. Safety assessments are performed using four models constructed based on 3D finite-element models (FEMs) and resonant networks. Circuit models are employed to establish the frequency of operation and resonant network components necessary to attain the rated transmitted power with maximum efficiency (η). Electric fields (E) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were calculated under ideal alignment conditions as well as in various cases of misalignment, including angular and lateral misalignments. The results demonstrate that the two distinct car side pads (CP and DDP) can function with the universal transmitter regardless of whether a CP or DDP is utilized, and that both types of car side pads (receivers) can achieve a high level of safety. Meanwhile, electric and electromagnetic fields stay within the bounds allowed by the 1998 and 2010 versions of the ICNIRP guidelines.
本研究旨在通过调查各种充电板架构的电磁场性能，评估未来感应式充电站的安全性。遵循标准{汽车工程师协会（SAE J2954）}的建议，该标准为感应式电力传输（IPT）系统提出了两种常见的充电板类型（圆形充电板（CP）和双D充电板（DDP））。使用这两种充电板架构在汽车侧进行安全分析，离地间隙符合Z3级要求，功率传输为11.1 kVA。在一种情况下，双D充电板用作通用接地侧充电板（发射器），而在另一种情况下，使用圆形充电板。使用基于3D有限元模型（FEM）和谐振网络构建的四个模型进行安全评估。采用电路模型来确定以最高效率（η）达到额定传输功率所需的运行频率和谐振网络组件。在理想对准条件下以及在各种不对准情况下，包括角度和横向不对准，计算电场（E）和电磁场（EMF）。结果表明，无论使用CP还是DDP，两种不同的汽车侧充电板（CP和DDP）都可以与通用发射器配合使用，并且两种类型的汽车侧充电板（接收器）都可以实现高度的安全性。同时，电场和电磁场保持在1998年和2010年版ICNIRP指南允许的范围内。
