Kishi Yohei, Nakawaga Moe, Inumaru Anri, Nambu Michiko, Sakaguchi Miwa, Murabata Mayumi, Matsuoka Mari, Kako Jun
Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
Palliat Med Rep. 2025 Apr 17;6(1):171-178. doi: 10.1089/pmr.2024.0109. eCollection 2025.
Hiccups are caused by involuntary spasms of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. When persistent, they can significantly reduce the quality of life. However, comprehensive reviews of available treatments and their corresponding evaluation metrics remain scarce. This scoping review aimed to comprehensively map the interventions used to treat hiccups in adults and clarify the current state of outcome measures employed in existing research. We conducted a scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) -ScR guidelines and the framework of Arksey and O'Malley. Using PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Ichushi-web databases, we identified studies published up to June 3, 2024. The search terms included "HICCUP," "HICCOUGH," and "SINGULTUS." A total of 3248 articles were identified, with 499 duplicates removed. After screening 2749 titles and abstracts, 2708 articles were excluded. Full-text reviews of 41 articles led to the exclusion of 18, resulting in 23 that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 studies focused on pharmacological interventions, including baclofen, metoclopramide, methylprednisolone, and Shitei-to, while 6 studies examined nonpharmacological interventions, such as acupuncture, infrared therapy, rebreathing techniques, and cervical epidural block. Outcome measures were categorized into objective and subjective evaluations. Objective measures included complete cessation, partial cessation, frequency reduction, and time to complete cessation. Subjective measures assessed the distress caused by hiccups using patient-reported scales, such as the numerical rating scale. This scoping review identified 23 studies on hiccup interventions, including five randomized controlled trials on pharmacological agents and one study on a nonpharmacological approach. Studies included both Western and Eastern medicine, offering new perspectives on hiccup management. The outcome measures were primarily objective, with some patient-reported assessments. These findings provide a foundation for future research on hiccup treatment and evaluation methods.
打嗝是由膈肌和肋间外肌的不自主痉挛引起的。持续打嗝会显著降低生活质量。然而，对现有治疗方法及其相应评估指标的全面综述仍然很少。本范围综述旨在全面梳理用于治疗成人打嗝的干预措施，并阐明现有研究中所采用的结局指标的现状。我们按照系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）-ScR指南以及阿克西和奥马利的框架进行了范围综述。通过使用PubMed、护理学与健康相关文献累积索引（CINAHL）和日本医学中央杂志网络数据库，我们检索了截至2024年6月3日发表的研究。检索词包括“HICCUP”“HICCOUGH”和“SINGULTUS”。共识别出3248篇文章，去除499篇重复文章。在筛选了2749篇标题和摘要后，排除了2708篇文章。对41篇文章进行全文审查后，排除了18篇，最终有23篇符合纳入标准。其中，17项研究聚焦于药物干预，包括巴氯芬、甲氧氯普胺、甲泼尼龙和十味蒂达胶囊，而6项研究考察了非药物干预，如针灸、红外治疗、重复呼吸技术和颈段硬膜外阻滞。结局指标分为客观评估和主观评估。客观指标包括完全停止、部分停止、频率降低以及完全停止所需时间。主观指标使用患者报告量表（如数字评定量表）评估打嗝引起的困扰。本范围综述确定了23项关于打嗝干预措施的研究，包括5项关于药物制剂的随机对照试验和1项关于非药物方法的研究。研究涵盖了西医和中医，为打嗝管理提供了新的视角。结局指标主要是客观的，也有一些患者报告的评估。这些发现为未来打嗝治疗和评估方法的研究奠定了基础。
