Neurodevelopmental Impact of Maternal Postnatal Depression: A Systematic Review of EEG Biomarkers in Infants.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Postpartum depression (PPD) significantly impacts maternal well-being and child neurodevelopment. While the etiology of PPD is well understood, the precise neurodevelopmental consequences, particularly differentiating prenatal and postnatal effects, remain unclear. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing literature on the neurophysiological effects of maternal PPD on infant neurodevelopment, focusing on electroencephalography (EEG) biomarkers to identify consistent patterns and potential mediating factors.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus identified studies investigating infants (0-12 months) exposed to maternal depressive symptoms (assessed via validated psychometric instruments) with quantitative EEG data. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Eleven investigated EEG asymmetry, predominantly frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA). The findings consistently showed greater right FAA in the infants of mothers with PPD, suggesting increased negative affectivity and avoidance behaviors. This association was stronger with prolonged or combined prenatal/postnatal exposure. However, EEG power and connectivity findings were less consistent, with some studies reporting altered occipital power at 1 month and frontal power at 3 months in the infants of depressed mothers. No significant associations were found between maternal depression and functional connectivity.

CONCLUSIONS

This review demonstrates a robust association between maternal PPD and altered infant EEG patterns, particularly increased right FAA. However, methodological heterogeneity necessitates future research with standardized protocols and longitudinal designs to establish causality and investigate long-term effects. Further research should also explore the underlying neural mechanisms and evaluate the efficacy of targeted interventions. These findings underscore the need for early identification and intervention to mitigate the negative impact of PPD on infant neurodevelopment.