Nweze Tochukwu, Hanson Jamie L
Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2025 May 2:1-12. doi: 10.1017/S0954579425000306.
Past studies that examined externalizing and internalizing symptoms in separate samples have found different trajectories associated with harsh parenting. The present study uses a complex set of longitudinal modeling to investigate the developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with harsh parenting. We also explore the moderation of socioeconomic status and ethnicity by testing differences between income and racial groups. Using bivariate and multigroup latent change score modeling, we analyzed 12,909 participants from the Millennium Cohort Study. Results of the bivariate latent change score model showed that harsh parenting had a bidirectional association with externalizing symptoms but only a unidirectional association with internalizing symptoms. A further analysis using multi-group modeling showed that the association between harsh parenting and externalizing and internalizing symptoms differed across ethnic backgrounds but much less on socioeconomic status. Specifically, initial levels of harsh parenting predicted an increase in externalizing symptoms among White participants but not in non-White participants, and these ethnic differences cut across socioeconomic status classifications in a test of the interaction of ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Taken together, our findings suggest that the prevailing cultural norms surrounding harsh parenting may affect the degree to which it negatively impacts children's mental health.
过去在不同样本中研究外化症状和内化症状的研究发现，严厉养育方式与不同的发展轨迹相关。本研究采用了一套复杂的纵向建模方法，来探究与严厉养育方式相关的内化症状和外化症状的发展轨迹。我们还通过测试收入和种族群体之间的差异，来探讨社会经济地位和种族的调节作用。使用双变量和多组潜在变化分数建模，我们分析了来自千禧队列研究的12909名参与者。双变量潜在变化分数模型的结果表明，严厉养育方式与外化症状存在双向关联，但与内化症状仅存在单向关联。使用多组建模的进一步分析表明，严厉养育方式与外化和内化症状之间的关联在不同种族背景中存在差异，但在社会经济地位方面差异较小。具体而言，严厉养育方式的初始水平预示着白人参与者的外化症状会增加，但非白人参与者不会，并且在种族与社会经济地位相互作用的测试中，这些种族差异跨越了社会经济地位分类。综合来看，我们的研究结果表明，围绕严厉养育方式的主流文化规范可能会影响其对儿童心理健康产生负面影响的程度。
