Lopez Michael, Fulton John, Kristinsson Hayley, Kim Sahra, Stuart Elizabeth, Chen Patrick, Thomas Aaron, Hussey-Zommers Megan, Roy Rohan, Kapoor Arunima, Conrad Alexis
Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine Health, Irvine, California, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
J Neuropsychol. 2025 Sep;19(3):559-575. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12426. Epub 2025 May 3.
The 'KeyStrokes' test (KS) was created as an online and computerized neuropsychological assessment to assess simple attention, processing speed, and executive function. This pilot study aims to show proof of concept of the KS test as a computerized assessment. Building on a previous feasibility study, we assessed the KS test's internal consistency and correlations to other neurocognitive assessments. Participants were recruited from a clinical sample of patients referred for standard neuropsychological evaluation and were asked to perform several standard neurocognitive tests and six subtests of the KS: two response time trials (arrows, words), three inhibition trials (arrows, words, arrows/words) and one inhibition/switching trial (arrows/words). We assessed internal consistency; conducted correlation analyses between each KS subtest, standard neuropsychological tests, and demographic characteristics (age, education, ethnicity, and gender); and conducted multiple regression analyses to assess the relationship between test performance and age and education. We assessed 87 individuals with a mean age of 54.09 years. Correlations between KS subtests were positive and strong (all above ρ > .72, p < .001). Subtests were generally positively correlated with select WAIS-IV and Reynolds Interference Task subtests, and negatively correlated with trail making tests, the grooved pegboard test, and age. Age significantly predicted performance (p < .001), whereas education did not. Ethnicity appeared to correlate with certain subtests, whereas gender did not. Analysis of correlations between the KS subtests and multiple well-established neuropsychological tests showed the possible viability of the KS as a new neurocognitive measure assessing areas of attention, processing speed, and executive function. Additional study of the KS can provide more evidence for its use as a new computerized, and possible online neuropsychological assessment.
“按键”测试（KS）是作为一种在线计算机化神经心理学评估而创建的，用于评估简单注意力、处理速度和执行功能。这项初步研究旨在证明KS测试作为一种计算机化评估的概念验证。基于之前的可行性研究，我们评估了KS测试的内部一致性以及与其他神经认知评估的相关性。参与者从被转介进行标准神经心理学评估的临床患者样本中招募，并被要求进行多项标准神经认知测试以及KS的六个子测试：两个反应时间试验（箭头、单词）、三个抑制试验（箭头、单词、箭头/单词）和一个抑制/转换试验（箭头/单词）。我们评估了内部一致性；进行了每个KS子测试、标准神经心理学测试和人口统计学特征（年龄、教育程度、种族和性别）之间的相关性分析；并进行了多元回归分析以评估测试表现与年龄和教育程度之间的关系。我们评估了87名平均年龄为54.09岁的个体。KS子测试之间的相关性为正且很强（均高于ρ>.72，p<.001）。子测试通常与选定的韦氏成人智力量表第四版（WAIS-IV）和雷诺兹干扰任务子测试呈正相关，与连线测验、槽式钉板测试和年龄呈负相关。年龄显著预测表现（p<.001），而教育程度则不然。种族似乎与某些子测试相关，而性别则不然。对KS子测试与多种成熟的神经心理学测试之间相关性的分析表明，KS作为一种评估注意力、处理速度和执行功能领域的新神经认知测量方法具有潜在的可行性。对KS的进一步研究可以为其作为一种新的计算机化且可能的在线神经心理学评估方法的使用提供更多证据。
